PRESENTED BY:

Moiz Khan
Esha Saeed
Iqra Rafique
Sidra Sattar
TOPIC:
Differentiate between 1𝑠𝑡 and 2𝑛𝑑
derivative test .
WHO INVENT DERIVATIVE?

Seventeenth century ,Sir Isaac Newton, an English

mathematician (1642-1727) and Gottfried
Whilhelm Leibniz, A German mathematician
(1646-1716) considered the problem of
instantaneous rates of change.
OBJECTIVE:
Changes in area, volume……..
Dependent variable
Independent variable
AGENDA:
FIRST DERIVATIVE: SECOND DERIVATIVE:
Critical point Bends or turns of a function
Increasing Function Concavity
Decreasing Function Point of inflection
Local extrema Local extrema

Graphing of a function
Differentiate First and Second Derivative By
Definition :
FIRST DERIVATIVE
The first derivative of a function is an
expression which tells us the slope
of a tangent line to the curve at any
instant. Because of this definition, the
first derivative of a function tells us
much about the function. If is
positive, then must be increasing. If is
negative, then must be decreasing.
SECOND DERIVATIVE
The second derivative tells us a lot about
the qualitative behavior of the graph. If
the second derivative is positive at a
point, the graph is concave up. If the
second derivative is positive at a critical
point, then the critical point is a local
minimum. The second derivative will be
zero at an inflection point..
INCREASING OR DECREASING OF FUNCTION

By Definition:
If f’(x)> 0 at each point x€ (a,b), then f is increasing on [a,b]
If f’(x)<0 at each point x€ (a,b), then f is decreasing on [a,b]
Example: f’(x)=3𝑥 2 − 12 = 3 𝑥 2 − 4 = 3(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2)
Interval -∞ < 𝑥 < - 2 -2<𝑥<2 2<𝑥<∞
f’ evaluated f’(-3) = 15 f’(0) = -12 f’(3) = 15
Sign of f’ + - +
increasing decreasing increasing
Behavior of f -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
INCREASING OR DECREASING OF
FUNCTION BY GRAPH:
CRITICAL POINT:

ƒ(x)= 3 𝑥 2 - 12
Differentiate with respect to ‘x’
ƒ′(x) = 3 𝑥 2 - 12
ƒ′(x) = 3(𝑥 2 - 4)
ƒ′(x) = 3(x + 2)(x - 2)
For critical point ƒ′(x) =0
3(x + 2)(x - 2)=0
x + 2=0 x - 2 =0
x = -2 x=2
LOCAL EXTREMA BY DEFINITION:

if ƒ′ changes from negative to positive at c, then ƒ has a local

minimum at c.
 if ƒ′ changes from positive to negative at c, then ƒ has a local
maximum at c;
if ƒ′ does not change sign at c (that is, ƒ′ is positive on both
sides of c or negative on both sides), then ƒ has no local
extremum at c.
FIRST DERIVATIVE TEST FOR LOCAL
EXTREMA:
CONCAVITY BY DEFINITION:

For second derivative:

Let y = ƒ(x) be twice-differentiable on an interval I.
 If ƒ″ > 0 on I, the graph of ƒ over I is concave up.
 If ƒ″ < 0 on I, the graph of ƒ over I is concave down.
Concatvity Changes at Point of Inflection:
INFLECTION POINT:

Point where concavity changes

Point where second derivative changes sign
Possibility happen when f’’ = 0 or f ’’ is undefined
 SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST FOR LOCAL
EXTREMA:

Suppose ƒ″ is continuous on an open interval that contains x = c.

If ƒ′(c) = 0 and ƒ″(c) < 0, then ƒ has a local maximum at x = c.
 If ƒ′(c) = 0 and ƒ″(c) > 0, then ƒ has a local minimum at x = c.
 If ƒ′(c) = 0 and ƒ″(c) = 0, then the test fails. The function ƒ may
have a local maximum, a local minimum, or neither
SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST BY GRAPH:
HOW WE CAN CREATE GRAPH OF A FUNCTION:

 Identify the domain of ƒ and any symmetries the curve may have.

 Find the derivatives y′ and y″.

 Find the critical points of ƒ, if any, and identify the function’s behavior at each
one.
 Find where the curve is increasing and where it is decreasing.
 Find the points of inflection, if any occur, and determine the concavity of the
curve.
 Identify any asymptotes that may exist.
GRAPHICAL BEHAVIOR OF FUNCTIONS
FROM DERIVATIVES:
Physical Applications of Derivative
Vertical motion:
The height above ground of an object moving vertically is given by
s =-16𝑡 2 + 96t + 112,
with s in feet and t in seconds. Find
a) the object’s velocity when ;
b) its maximum height and when it occurs;
c) its velocity when s = 0
SOLUTION:
a) s(t)=-16𝑡 2 +96t+112
V(t)=𝑠 ′ (t)=-32t+96
At t=0 , the velocity is v(0)=96 ft/sec.

b) The maximum height occurs when v(t)=0, when t=3 . The maximum height is s(3)=256 ft and it occurs at
t=3 sec.

c) Note that s(t)=-16𝑡 2 +96t+112

= -16(t+1)(t-7)
so, s=0 at t=-1 or t =7
Choosing the positive value t, the velocity when s=0 is v(7)=-128 ft/sec
MATHEMATICAL APPLICATIONS:

Find the volume of the largest right circular cone that can be inscribed in a
sphere of radius 3.

3
3
SOLUTION:
1
The volume of the cone is V= 𝜋𝑟 2 h
3

where r = x = 9 − 𝑦 2 and h = y + 3 (from the figure in the text)

𝜋
Thus, v(y)= 3 ( 9 - 𝑦 2 )(y+3)
𝜋
= 3 (27+ 9y - 3 𝑦 2 - 𝑦 3 )
𝜋
V′(y)= (9 - 6y - 3 𝑦 2 )=> 𝜋 (1 - y)(3 + y).
3

The critical points are -3 and 1, but -3 is not in the domain.

𝜋
Thus,V′’ (1)= (-6-6(1))<0 at y=1 we have a maximum volume of
3
𝜋
V(1)= 3 (8)(4) cubic units.
BIOLOGICAL APPLICATION:
Sensitivity to medicine:
Find the amount of medicine to
which the body is most sensitive by finding the value of M that
maximizes the derivative 𝑑𝑅Τ𝑑𝑀,where
2 𝐶 𝑀
R=𝑀 ( − )
2 3

and C is a constant.
SOLUTION:
 We have. Solving
𝑑𝑅
= CM - 𝑀2
𝑑𝑀

Solving:
𝑑2𝑅
= C – 2M = 0
𝑑𝑀2
𝐶
M=
2

𝑑3𝑅
Also, 3 = -2 < 0
𝑑𝑀
𝐶
at M= there is a maximum.
2
Business and Economics Application
Production level:
Show that if r(𝑥) = 6𝑥 and c(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 - 6𝑥 2 +15𝑥 are you
revenue and cost functions, then the best you can do is break even (have revenue equal
cost).

Solution:
The profit p(x) = r(x) - c(x) => 6𝑥 – (𝑥 3 - 6𝑥 2 +15𝑥)
= -𝑥 3 - 6𝑥 2 - 9𝑥,where 𝑥 >0
Then, P’(𝑥) = - 3𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 – 9 =>-3(𝑥 2 - 4𝑥 + 3)
P’(𝑥) = -3 (𝑥-3) (𝑥-1)
P’’(𝑥) = -6𝑥 +12
The critical points are 1 and 3.
Thus P’’(1) = 6 > 0
At 𝑥 = 1 there is a local minimum
P’’(3) = -6 < 0
At 𝑥 = 3 there is a local maximum
But P (3) = 0
the best you can do is break even.
Thanks a lot for giving us a chance for share
about views in this topic.