Disorders of the Endocrine

System
 Thyroid Gland
Hormone: Thyroxin

Overactivity (Too much hormone)

- Increased metabolic rate
- Increased food intake but loss of weight
- Hyperthyroidism (Grave’s disease)
- Goiter (swollen neck, maybe bulging eyes)
Goiter
 Thyroid Gland
Hormone: Thyroxin

Underactivity (Not enough hormone)

- Hypothyroidism (Hashimoto’s disease)
- Reduced metabolic rate
- Low food intake but gain of weight
- Myxoedema (when onset in adults)
- Cretinism (when onset in children)
- Can also cause a goiter
Myxoedema
• Puffiness (swelling)
• Fatigue
• Obesity
• Dry, thickened skin
• Mental impairment
• Thin, brittle hair
Cretinism

• Protuberant abdomen
• Short Stature
• Infertility
• Neurological
impairment
• Constant Fatigue
• Obesity
 Thyroid Gland
Hormone: Calcitonin

Overactivity
- Increased Bone Ca, decreased Blood Ca
- Tetany (nerve problems leading to muscle spasms or
cramps)

Underactivity
- Increase Blood Ca, decreased Bone Ca
- Osteoporosis (brittle bones)
- Kidney stones
 Parathyroid Glands
Hormone: Parathormone (PTH)

Underactivity
- Low Blood calcium, High Bone Ca
- Tetany

Overactivity
- High Blood calcium, Low Bone Ca
- Osteoporosis
 Pancreas
Hormone: Insulin

Overactivity
- Low blood sugar level ( ↓BSL)
- Hypoglycemia

Underactivity
- High blood sugar level ( ↑BSL)
- Hyperglycemia
- Diabetes
 Pancreas
Hormone: Glucagon

Overactivity
- High blood sugar level ( ↑BSL)
- Diabetes

Underactivity
- Low blood sugar level ( ↓BSL)
- Hyper insulinism
 Anterior Pituitary Gland
Hormone: Growth Hormone

Overactive
- Gigantism (children - very tall)
- Acromegaly (adults - bones & skin thicken)

Underactive
- Dwarfism (very short)
 Gigantism
The man holding
the baby in the
photo is 8 ft, 2.5
inches tall
Acromegaly
 Dwarfism

Dwarfism occurs
when there is short
supply of GH in
childhood. There
are two types of
dwarfism – Lorrain
and Frohlich’s
Thyroxin – increases metabolic rate

Overactive Underactive
• Goiter • Goiter
• Hyperthyroidism • Hypothyroidism
• Grave’s Disease • Hashimoto’s Disease
• Myxoedema (adults)
• Cretinism (kids)
 Calcitonin – Increase Ca uptake by
bones and decrease Ca level in blood

Overactive Underactive
• Tetany • Kidney Stones
• Osteoporosis
 Parathormone (PTH) – inc. Ca
level in blood, dec. Ca level in bone

Overactive Underactive
• Kidney Stones • Tetany
• Osteoporosis
Insulin – dec. blood sugar levels

Overactive Underactive
• Hypoglycemia • Hyperglycemia
• Hyperinsulinism • Diabetes
(insulin shock)
 Calcitonin Vs. Parathormone
Calcitonin – Blood Ca Parathormone - Blood Ca

Over Reactivity Blood Ca Blood Ca

Tetany •Osteoporosis
•Kidney Stones

Under Reactivity Blood Ca Blood Ca

•Osteoporosis Tetany
•Kidney Stones
Glucagon – inc. blood sugar levels

Overactive Underactive
• Hyperglycemia • Hypoglycemia
• Diabetes • Hyperinsulinism
 Insulin vs Glucagon
Insulin – BSL Glucagon - BSL

Over Reactivity BSL BSL

Hypoglycemia •Hyperglycemia
•Diabetes

Under Reactivity BSL BSL

•Hyperglycemia Hypoglycemia
•Diabetes
GH - Growth Hormone – increases
bone growth

Overactive Underactive
• Gigantism (children) • Dwarfism (Frohlich’s
• Acromegaly (adults) and Lorrain)
 MSH - Melanocyte Stimulating
Hormone – causes color cells
(melanocytes) in skin to darken
Overactive Under active
• Skin darkens • Skin will not darken
• Most severe condition
is albinism
LH, FSH, ICTH – sex hormones in
males and females that aid in
sperm or egg (gamete) production

Overactive Underactive
• Unknown • Sterility
 Corticoid imbalances:

ADDISON’S DISEASE – RARE

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 Corticoids – inc. blood pressure,
inc. food metabolism and dec.
inflammation
Overactive Underactive
• Cushing’s Syndrome • Addison’s Disease
• Decreased cortisol
and/or aldosterone
production