Basic Property Onby Abbbe

BASIC PROPERTIES OF
DENTAL MATERIALS
12/07/2021 Abebe teka, DMD. 1

BASIC COMPOSITION OF THE
UNIVERSE
 Matter—anything that has weight and
occupies space
 Types of matter
 Solid
 Liquid
 Gas
 Energy—the ability to do work

STRUCTURE OF MATTER
 Types of materials
 Non-crystalline or amorphous—no definite
atomic structure.
 Crystalline or space lattice—a definite atomic
structure
 Atom
 Element
 Compound
 Molecule
 Alloy
OBJECTIVES
 Define dimensional change and linear coefficient

of thermal expansion and give examples of their
importance to clinical dentistry
 Give examples of where thermal and electrical
properties of restorative materials are important
in clinical dentistry
 Define stress and strain and illustrate how they
differ
 List example of where solubility and water
sorption are important in success of dental
restorative materials
Importance of knowing properties of
dental material
 1st materials used to replace missing portion
of teeth are exposed to attack by the oral
environment and subjected to biting force
 2nd restorative material are cleansed and
polished by various prophylactic procedures
as a result their properties are the basis for
the selection of materials to be used in
particular dental procedure and restoration

CONT…
 The establishment of critical physical

properties for various types of dental
materials has led to the development of
minimum standard or specifications
 Selection of materials should be influenced by
their effect on the oral tissue and by possible
toxic effect if ingested. the colour and optical
qualities of materials also are important in
selection of restorative materials
Dimensional change
 Is the percent shrinkage of expansion of

materials
 Maintaining dimension during dental
procedures such as preparing impression and
models is important in accuracy of dental
restorations. Dimensional change may occur
during setting as a result of a chemical
reaction .

CONT…
 To compare materials easily the dimensional

change expressed as a percentage of original
length or volume
Thermal dimensional change; restorative
material is subjected to temperature change
in the mouth this change result in
dimensional change

CONT…
 Because of the thermal expansion of

restorative materials usually does not much
that of the tooth structure a differential
expansion occurs that may result in leakage
of oral fluids b/n the restoration and the tooth
 The linear thermal expansion of a materials is
expressed as coefficient of thermal expansion
is a measure of how much it expands per unit
length if heated 1 degree higher
CONT…
 A clinical effect of this difference of thermal

expansion e.g. the tooth contained a poorly
bounded composite restoration that cooled by
the drinking of cold liquid the restoration would
contract more than the tooth and a small gap
would result at junction b/n the two materials
oral fluid penetrate this space when temperature
return to normal this fluid is forced out of the
space this phenomenon is called percolation

CONT…
 Percolation is undesirable because of possible
irritation of pulp ands recurrent caries
 Thermal conductivity; is a measure of heat
transferred and defined as the no. of calories
per second flowing through an area of 1cm2
in which the temperature drop along the
length of the spacemen is 1 degree
centigrade per centimetre.

CONT…
 Human enamel and dentin are poor thermal

conductors compared with gold alloys and
dental amalgam

Electrical properties
 Two electrical properties of interest are

galvanism and corrosion
 Galvanism – is the generation of electrical
currents that the patient can feel result from
the presence of dissimilar metals in the
mouth. Metals placed in an electrolyte (a
liquid that contains ions)have various
tendencies to go in a solution

CONT…
 When the two metallic restoration touch current

flows and there will be a potential difference .the
patient may experience pain and frequently
complain of metallic taste
 Corrosion also can result from the same
condition when adjacent restoration of dissimilar
metals that result is dissolution of metals in the
mouth as result of galvanic action materials goes
in to solution and roughness and pitting occur

CONT…
 Corrosion also may result from chemical

attack of metals by components in food and
saliva e.g. dental amalgam react with
sulphides and chemicals in the mouth this
effect is referred to as tarnish

Solubility and sorption
 The solubility of materials in mouth and
sorption (adsorption plus absorption )of oral
fluids by the material are important criteria in
their selection
 Solubility and sorption are reported in two
ways ;1 in weight percent of soluble or sorbed
material and (2) as the weight of dissolved or
sorbed material per unit of surface area

CONT…
 Absorption –refers to the uptake of liquid by

the bulky solid e.g. the equilibrium
absorption of water by acrylic polymer is in
range of 2%.
 Adsorption indicates concentration of
molecules at the surface of a solid or liquid
e.g. adsorption of component of saliva at the
surface of tooth structure or of detergent
adsorbed on the surface of a wax pattern
Wet ability
 Is a measure of the affinity of a liquid for a solid
as indicated by spreading of a drop.
 The wet ability of a solid by a liquid can be
observed by shape of a drop of a liquid on the
solid surface the shape of a solid is identified by
the contact angle θ if a low contact angle
occurs the solid is wetted readily by the liquid
(hydrophilic, if the liquid is water) if the contact
angle is greater than 90 degree poor wetting
occurs (hydrophobic if the liquid is water)
FACTORS MAKING DEMANDS
ON DENTAL MATERIALS
 G. V. Black is responsible for many of the
theories used in testing dental materials for
the mouth still used today.
It includes both the physical and chemical
changes

PHYSICAL LIMITATIONS
 Biting forces
 The average biting force of a person with
natural dentition is approximately 150
pounds . In the posterior , that becomes
approximately 30,000 psi of pressure on a
single cusp of a molar.
 Materials considered for use in restoring the
occlusal surfaces must have sufficient
strength to withstand these forces.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
 STRESS—THE INTERNAL FORCE THAT

RESISTS ANOTHER FORCE EXTERNALLY
APPLIED.
 STRAIN IS THE AMOUNT OF MOVEMENT
OR CHANGE OF SHAPE CREATED BY A
FORCE.

FORCE
 ANY PUSH OR PULL UPON MATTER

STRESS AND STRAIN IS A RESPONSE TO
FORCE.

TYPES OF STRESS AND
STRAIN
 COMPRESSIVE—PUSHES THINGS
TOGETHER
 TENSILE—PULLS AND STRETCHES
 SHEAT—SLICES APART

ELASTICITY
 THE ABILITY TO REGAIN SHAPE WHEN STRESS IS
REMOVED
 TYPES
 ELASTIC—ELASTICITY
 INELASTIC—MATERIAL REMAINS PERMANENTLY
DEFORMED
 ELASTIC LIMIT—THE MAXIMUM STRESS A
MATERIAL CAN WITHSTAND WITHOUT BEING
DEFORMED PERMANENTLY
 MODULUS OF ELASTICITY (YOUNG’S MODULUS)

Cont…
 ELASTIC LIMIT (HOOK’S LAW)

 YIELD STRENGTH
 PERMANENT DISTORTION OCCURS
BEYOND THE PROPORTIONAL LIMIT
 ULTIMATE STRENGHT—THE MAXIMUM
STRENGHT OBTAINED BASED ON THE
ORIGINAL DIMENSION OF THE OBJECT
 TOUGHNESS—THE ABILITY OF A MATERIAL
TO RESIST FRACTURE
Cont…
 DUCTILITY—ABILITY OF A MATERIAL TO
WITHSTAND PERMANENT DEFORMATION
UNDER TENSIL STRENGTH.
 MALLEABILITY—HAMMERED OR ROLLED
INTO SHAPE
 FLOW, CREEP OR SLUMP— DEFORM
PERMANENTLY UNDER A CONSTANT
LOAD.

Cont…
 HARDNESS—RESISTANCE TO
PENETRATION BRINEL HARDNESS
NUMBER
 BHN IS HIGH THE MATERIAL IS SOFT
 KNOOP HARDNESS NUMBER
 MOHS—ALSO KNOWN AS THE STRATCH
HARDNESS
 DISTORTION

THERMAL PROPERTIES
 THE TOOTH IS AN EXCELLENT HEAT

INSULATOR WHICH MEANS THAT IT HAS A
LOW THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY VALUE
 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
 THERMAL EXPANSION

ADHESION
 FORCE THAT CAUSES UNLIKE MOLECULES

TO ATTRACT
 ADHESION ACTION OF A LIQUID
 VISCOSITY
 WETTING
 FILM THICKNESS
 SURFACE TENSION ENERGY

BIOILOGICAL
LIMITATIONS
 TOXIC EFFECTS OF MATERIALS
 ACIDITY/ALKALINITY
 TEMPERATURE CHANGES
 MICROLEAKAGE

PHYSICAL
LIMITATIONS
 MOISTURE
 TEMPERATURE CHANGES
 INERT
 AESTHETIC FACTORS
 RETENTION
 GALVINISM

ELASTICITY
 THE ABILITY TO REGAIN SHAPE WHEN STRESS IS
REMOVED
 TYPES
 ELASTIC—ELASTICITY
 INELASTIC—MATERIAL REMAINS PERMANENTLY
DEFORMED
 ELASTIC LIMIT—THE MAXIMUM STRESS A
MATERIAL CAN WITHSTAND WITHOUT BEING
DEFORMED PERMANENTLY
 MODULUS OF ELASTICITY (YOUNG’S MODULUS)

STRESS
 is the force with which a structure resists an external
load placed on it. It is the internal reaction to an
externally applied load and is equal in magnitude but
opposite in direction to the external load; although
technically the internal force, this is difficult to
measure and so the accepted way of measuring
stress is to measure the external load applied to the
cross sectional area; measured in force per area units
such as kg/cm2, MPa (MN/m2), or psi; is represented
by the Greek letter, sigma. Stress = Force/Area
TYPES OF PURE stress
 Compressive: a force that results in a decrease

in length along the direction of the force
 Tensile: a force that results in an increase in
length along the direction of the force
 Shear: a force that causes a sliding
displacement of one side of a structure relative
to another side
 Units of force include kilograms, newtons, and
pounds.
STRAIN
 is the change in length per unit length that a

material undergoes when a force is applied to
it; it is dimensionless because it has length
per length units of measurement; is often
expressed as a percentage; is represented by
the Greek letter, epsilon.

Cont…
 Strain = Change in Length/Original Length

 Strain can either be elastic or plastic. Elastic strain
is strain that totally disappears once the external
load that caused it is removed. Elastic strain is
based upon the fact that a net force of zero exists
between two atoms when they are at equilibrium.
 If a compressive or tensile force is exerted on the
atoms, an opposite force will attempt to move
them back to their equilibrium position.

Cont…
 Plastic strain is strain that permanently

remains once the external load that caused it
is removed. It occurs when the force applied
to the atoms moves them so far from their
equilibrium position that they do not return
to it once the force is removed.

STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM
 is a graphic way of displaying stress and strain.

Generally, the diagram is produced by gradually
loading a material using an Instron or similar
testing machine.
 The resultant strain values are measured and used
to calculate stress values. These are then plotted
against strain to produce the stress-strain
diagram for the material. Traditionally, stress is
plotted on the vertical axis and strain on the
horizontal axis.
Cont…
 Many of the basic physical properties of

dental materials can be represented on a
stress-strain diagram. For example:
 the straight part of the line represents the
region of elastic deformation
 --the curved part of the line represents the
region of elastic and plastic deformation
 --the slope of the straight part of the line
represents modulus of elasticity
Cont…
 --the length of the curved part of the line

represents ductility
 --the area under the straight part of the line
represents resilience
 --the area under the entire line represents
toughness

MODULUS OF ELASTICITY (ELASTIC
MODULUS, YOUNG'S MODULUS)
 is a measure of the relative stiffness or rigidity of a
material. The unit values are those of force per
area because Modulus of Elasticity = Stress/Strain
 Note, however, that this only applies to the elastic
portion of the stress-strain diagram. On the stress-
strain diagram, the modulus is indicated by the
slope of the linear part of the line.
 Therefore, a material with a steep line will have a
higher

Cont…
 modulus and be more rigid than a material

with a flatter line.
 Modulus is a reflection of the strength of the
interatomic or intermolecular bonds. It is
unrelated to strength and to proportional
limit and is unaffected by age hardening heat
treatment and by cold working.

PROPORTIONAL LIMIT
 is the amount of stress required to produce permanent
deformation of a material; can alternatively be defined
as the limit of proportionality of stress to strain; is
represented on the stress-strain diagram as the point
where the plotting converts from a straight line to a
curve. Below the proportional limit, stress is proportional
to strain. Stresses below the proportional limit cause
elastic (non-permanent) déformation and those above it
cause elastic and plastic (permanent) deformation.
 A high proportional limit is desirable for a restorative
material.
ELASTIC LIMIT
 is the maximum amount of stress that a

structure can withstand and still return to its
pre-stressed dimensions; it is, for all practical
purposes, the same as the proportional limit.

YIELD POINT
 is the point of first marked deviation from

proportionality of stress to strain on the
stress-strain diagram; it indicates that the
structure is undergoing a pronounced degree
of deformation with little additionally applied
stress.

YIELD STRENGTH
 is the amount of stress required to produce a
predetermined amount of permanent strain (usually 0.1% or
0.2% which is called the percent offset). Although many feel
it is equivalent to proportional limit, it is a useful property
because it is easier to measure than the proportional limit.
This is because you are already a certain way out on the
stress-strain curve and are not attempting to measure the
exact point where proportionality of stress to strain ends. It
is measured using the stress-strain diagram by locating the
point 0.1% or 0.2% out on the strain axis and drawing a line
up to the curve which is parallel to the line found in the
elastic region.
ULTIMATE STRENGTH
 is the maximum amount of stress that a

material can withstand without undergoing
fracture or rupture. It can be applied to
compressive, tensile, or shear stresses (i.e.,
compressive strength is the maximum
amount of stress that a material can
withstand without undergoing fracture or
rupture in compression)
FRACTURE STRENGTH
 is the amount of stress required to produce

fracture or rupture.
 DUCTILITY
 is the ability of a material to undergo
permanent tensile deformation without
fracture or rupture, or the degree to which
you can permanently deform a structure
using a tensile force without it undergoing
fracture or rupture.
Cont…
 An increase in temperature decreases ductility

because a material's strength generally decreases
with an increase in temperature. Ductility is
unrelated to proportional limit. One way that
ductility is used in dentistry is as a measure of
burnish ability. The burnish ability index is defined
as the percentage elongation divided by the yield
strength. Therefore, the greater the ductility and
the lower the yield strength, the greater the
burnish ability.
MALLEABILITY
 is the ability of a material to undergo permanent
compressive deformation without fracture or
rupture or the degree to which you can permanently
deform a structure using a compressive force
without it undergoing fracture or rupture.
 An increase in temperature generally results in a
increase in malleability because malleability is
dependent upon dislocation movement, and
dislocations generally move more easily at a higher
temperature.
BRITTLENESS
 is the material behavior where a material

undergoes fracture or rupture with little or no
prior permanent deformation. Materials that are
brittle usually have a very ordered atomic
structure which does not permit the easy
movement of dislocations. A good example is the
class of materials known as ceramics. Their
ordered atomic structure does not permit easy
dislocation movement, and hence, they are
brittle.
RESILIENCE
 is the resistance of a material to permanent

deformation under sudden impact; may also be
defined as the amount of energy absorbed by a
material when it is stressed to a point just shy of
its proportional limit.
 A high modulus of resilience is desirable in a
restorative dental material. For orthodontic wires,
it means that they are capable of storing energy
which may then be delivered over an extended
period of time.
TOUGHNESS
 is the resistance of a material to fracture

under sudden impact or the amount of
energy absorbed by a material when it is
stressed to a point just shy of its fracture
point.
 Toughness is primarily a concern where
materials are brittle because ductile materials
already have a measure of toughness

Cont…
 A great deal of effort has been expended in

dental materials research in an attempt to
find ways of increasing toughness.

WEAR
 Wear is the loss of material from one or both of

two contacting surfaces because of the
mechanical activity between them. It is a
complicated process and is affected by properties
such as ductility, hardness, and ultimate strength.
 Four Types of Wear:
 1. Abrasive
 2. Adhesive
 3. Fatigue
 4. Corrosive
Cont…
 Abrasive (or Frictional) happens when a

smooth, soft surface is worn away by a rough,
hard surface.
 Hardness is not an absolute indicator of wear
and wear resistance. Hard surfaces do not
necessarily exhibit greater wear resistance
than do soft surfaces.

Cont…
 Fatigue
 occurs when fatigue from cyclic loading
causes cracks to develop under the
contacting surfaces; the sliding action then
causes the surfaces to be lost.
 Corrosive occurs when two contacting
surfaces corrode and the sliding action causes
the corrosion by-products to be worn away.

Cont…
 Adhesive occurs when asperities

(microscopic projections) from the two
contacting surfaces adhere or cohere to each
other and fragment as the surfaces move.
 This is the most common type of wear and
the most difficult one to prevent because
even the most highly polished surfaces
exhibit asperities.

Cont…
 Porcelain is a good example of the fact that

intraoral wear must always be considered to
be a coupled phenomenon; not just the
involved material should be examined for
wear, but also the opposing dentition or
restorative material.

Cont…
 Two requirements for abrasive wear are that

there must be a definite difference in hardness
between the two surfaces and the harder one has
to be the rougher.
 Characteristics of an Ideal Abrasive:
 1. irregular shape
 2. harder than the surface it is intended to abrade
 3. high impact (or body) strength
 4. high attrition resistance

RHEOLOGY
 the study of the flow of matter.

 Viscosity is resistance to flow. Therefore, a
liquid with a high viscosity is thick and has a
high resistance to flow and a liquid with a low
viscosity is thin and has a low resistance to flow.
 Viscosity is caused by the internal frictional
forces in the liquid and is measured as shear
stress divided by shear strain rate. Units of
measurement are centipoises.
Viscoelastic
 describes materials that exhibit

characteristics of both a viscous liquid and an
elastic solid. These types of materials have
properties that vary with rate of loading.
Viscoelastic materials, like alginates, show
little permanent deformation when loaded
quickly but exhibit a great deal of permanent
deformation if loaded slowly.

Types of Fluid Behavior
 1. Newtonian (ideal) Liquids are liquids with a

constant viscosity regardless of shear rate.
Examples include water and newly mixed zinc
phosphat cement

Cont…
 2. Plastic Liquids are rigid until a certain yield

stress is applied to them.
 The application of this yield stress to cause
flow in a plastic material is called the
Bingham characteristic. A non-dental
example is catsup.

Cont…
 3. Pseudoplastic (shear-thinning) Liquids show

a decrease in viscosity with an increase in
shear rate. Examples include the
polycarboxylate cements and non-water
mixed glass ionomer cements.

Cont…
 4. Dilatant (shear-thickening) Liquids show an

increase in viscosity with an increase in shear
rate. Traditional (conventional) resin
composites are a good example.

Cont…
5. Thixotropic Liquids are liquids whose viscosity

depends upon their previous shear history. In
other words, if you shear them, their viscosity
will decrease; if you then allow them to
remain undisturbed, their viscosity will
increase to pre stressed levels. Examples
include prophy gels pastes and topical
fluoride gels. The opposite of thixotropic is
rheopexic.
Cont…
 Working Time is defined as the amount of time

from the start of mixing until the material
becomes so thick that it can no longer be
manipulated.
 Setting Time is the amount of time from the
start of mixing until the material achieves a
specific degree of rigidity appropriate to its
application.
 The desired situation is one in which there is
adequate working time with a snap set.
Clinical Applications of Rheology
 The aqueous and non aqueous elastomeric

impression materials, being viscoelastic,
should be removed from the mouth with a
snap to minimize permanent deformation.
 Ideally, we want cements and light-body
(syringe) impression materials to be pseudo
plastic so that with increasing shear strain
rate, they exhibit a decrease in viscosity.

Cont…
 The reason many highly viscous cements

(e.g., polycarboxylates, non-water mixed
glass-ionomer cements) form thin film
thickness layers is because they are pseudo
plastic.

Thank You for Your Attention.

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BASIC PROPERTIES OF

12/07/2021 Abebe teka, DMD. 1

12/07/2021 Abebe teka, DMD. 2

 Define dimensional change and linear coefficient

12/07/2021 Abebe teka, DMD. 5

 The establishment of critical physical

 Is the percent shrinkage of expansion of

12/07/2021 Abebe teka, DMD. 7

 To compare materials easily the dimensional

12/07/2021 Abebe teka, DMD. 8

 Because of the thermal expansion of

 A clinical effect of this difference of thermal

12/07/2021 Abebe teka, DMD. 10

12/07/2021 Abebe teka, DMD. 11

 Human enamel and dentin are poor thermal

12/07/2021 Abebe teka, DMD. 12

 Two electrical properties of interest are

12/07/2021 Abebe teka, DMD. 13

 When the two metallic restoration touch current

12/07/2021 Abebe teka, DMD. 14

 Corrosion also may result from chemical

12/07/2021 Abebe teka, DMD. 15

12/07/2021 Abebe teka, DMD. 16

 Absorption –refers to the uptake of liquid by

12/07/2021 Abebe teka, DMD. 19

 STRESS—THE INTERNAL FORCE THAT

12/07/2021 Abebe teka, DMD. 21

 ANY PUSH OR PULL UPON MATTER

12/07/2021 Abebe teka, DMD. 22

12/07/2021 Abebe teka, DMD. 23

12/07/2021 Abebe teka, DMD. 24

 ELASTIC LIMIT (HOOK’S LAW)

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12/07/2021 Abebe teka, DMD. 27

 THE TOOTH IS AN EXCELLENT HEAT

12/07/2021 Abebe teka, DMD. 28

 FORCE THAT CAUSES UNLIKE MOLECULES

12/07/2021 Abebe teka, DMD. 29

12/07/2021 Abebe teka, DMD. 30

12/07/2021 Abebe teka, DMD. 31

12/07/2021 Abebe teka, DMD. 32

 Compressive: a force that results in a decrease

 is the change in length per unit length that a

12/07/2021 Abebe teka, DMD. 35

 Strain = Change in Length/Original Length

12/07/2021 Abebe teka, DMD. 36

 Plastic strain is strain that permanently

12/07/2021 Abebe teka, DMD. 37

 is a graphic way of displaying stress and strain.

 Many of the basic physical properties of

 --the length of the curved part of the line

12/07/2021 Abebe teka, DMD. 40

12/07/2021 Abebe teka, DMD. 41

 modulus and be more rigid than a material

12/07/2021 Abebe teka, DMD. 42

 is the maximum amount of stress that a

12/07/2021 Abebe teka, DMD. 44

 is the point of first marked deviation from

12/07/2021 Abebe teka, DMD. 45

 is the maximum amount of stress that a

 is the amount of stress required to produce

 An increase in temperature decreases ductility

 is the material behavior where a material