Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Introduction to anaerobic
treatment technologies
[Part C only ]
Course 2 Unit 4
Part C: Examples and case studies
2
List of examples for Part C
Example 1: India public toilets (Navsarjan Trust, GTZ
pilot project)
Example 2: China household and agricultural waste
digesters (CAAE (Chinese Academy of Agricultural
Engineering)
Example 3: Lesotho household biogas plants (NGO
TED, now supported by BORDA, Germany)
Example 4: Durban household biogas plant, South
Africa (pilot project)
Example 5: Rwanda prisons
Example 6: Germany, Waldmichelbacher Hof
(restaurant and farm
Example 7: Lübeck, Germany (residential area)
Example 8: Blackwater treatment in Sneek, the
Netherlands
3
Example 1: India public toilets
4
Navsarjan Trust ecosan pilot project
– Dalit Shakti Kendra (DSK)
location:
Nani Devti, Ahmedabad District, Gujarat State, India
implementation period:
2005/2006
5
Course 2 Unit 4
source
separating
toilet
greywater (pre-treated)
m<
dung
Biogas
plant
ornamental garden
urine storage
www.beefgonzo.de
compost vegetable garden
biogas sludge drying
beds
6
Navsarjan Trust ecosan pilot
project - DSK
source: esf
source: esf
source: esf
toilet block with biogas plant UDD as „emergency toilets“ ladies urinal
7
Sketch map of the night-soil based
biogas plant
8
Construction of the night-soil based
biogas plant
source: esf
source: seecon
inletchamber for
toilet water
beginnig of construction
source: esf
biogasreactor in the center
source: esf
of the building
10
Course 2 Unit 4
kitchen
Pig-pen, toilet Green house
food
manure
biogas fertilizer
11
China: Southern “Pig-Biogas-Fruit”
Comprehensive utilization
biogas
sludge Biogas
digester
12
Course 2 Unit 4
Sand
sedimentation
Water
storage
Biogas
digester
13
Household biogas digester plants in China
during 1973 – 2005 (total number, in 10,000)
16,000,000
16 million biogas plants
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
973 975 977 979 981 983 985 987 989 991 993 995 997 999 001 003 005
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2
Year
15
Biogas system
Feeding
material.
Irrigation by
Gas taken to the house gravity
Methane producing
organisms produce
gas
Storage for irrigation
Root Treatment System water – H20 could be
pumped or irrigate
Water flowing into gravitationally
the expansion canal
Radiu
s
pipes of
1m length
17
Course 2 Unit 4
18
Household biogas
Toilet & plant in rural Durban,
shower Kitchen South Africa
20
Biogas plant at Cyangugu Prison in
Rwanda
Biogas plant treats toilet waste from
prisoners by using fixed-dome
anaerobic digesters
Generation of biogas was achieved to
generate energy for cooking - savings in
kitchen fuel is around 80%
Sustainable solution for the treatment
of waste from 6,000 prisoners
21
Design details
Bioreactor is fed through two
toilet-waste flows: one comes
from 4,500 prisoners and the
other from 1,500.
1 digester of V=150 m3
(divided in 2 shells to improve
performance); a storage
capacity of 28 m3; 2 holding
tanks to further stabilize
sludge.
Production of 75,000 CH4
L/day
30 m of gas line which feeds 4
stoves of 1200 L.
Plant life time 30 years
Effluent from biogas plant is
reused as fertilizer in crops
inside prison (2 ha): bananas,
coffee, soy, tomato, etc.
Example 6: Germany,
Waldmichelbacher Hof
(restaurant and farm)
23
Course 2 Unit 4
This is an example to
show that conventional
flush toilets (non-UD) can
also be used in an ecosan
project!
24
Key results
25
Concept schematic of this closed-loop system
E
Barn and stable
F (in winter)
Farmland Fodder
DM Slaughter-
Cattle house
Fertiliser F
(“digested Horses Meat
manure”) OSW
W W M
DM
Collection
Anaerobic Restaurant,
channel: W
digester W W ww
shop,
Manure and
(heated) ww storage tank storage distillery
effluent tank W H+E
BG
Households
BG
Biogas Cogeneration H+E
plant
“Ecosan- E
Biogas Plant”
Electricity
exported to
the grid
H: heat, E: electricity, F: fodder, DM: digested manure, BG: biogas, W: waste(water) 26
Design drawing
Floating cover
Digester
Gas withdrawal
Stable/
cattle
shed
Digested
manure
Storage vessel
Heat to house
electricity
27
Course 2 Unit 4
28
Housing estate with biogas plant in
Lübeck-Flintenbreite
(slide 1 of 2)
Integrated sanitation
system using vacuum
toilets and biogas plant =
production of energy +
saving of water
Foreseen for a community
of 350 inhabitants
Area of 3.5 ha which was
not connected to central
sewerage
Separate treatment of
Biogas grey, black and storm
plant water
Digested anaerobic sludge
is reused in agriculture
29
Course 2 Unit 4
Process schematic
(slide 2 of 2)
Blackwater Greywater
Kitchen wetlands
Biogas residue
plant
Effluent infiltration
Biogas
Effluent
30
Course 2 Unit 4
31
Neighbourhood “UASB-septic tank” for
blackwater in Sneek, The Netherlands
33
How to get a concentrated organic
fraction?
Vacuum toilets are used, they flush with
1L water and 100L of air. Reduction of
36 L/cap/d water, is 25% of total water
consumption
References
Butare, A and Kimaro, A (2002) Anaerobic technology for toilet
wastes management: the case study of the Cyangugu pilot
project, World Transactions on Engineering and Technology
Education, Vol.1, No.1.
http://www.eng.monash.edu.au/uicee/worldtransactions/World
TransAbstractsVol1No1/Microsoft%20Word%20-
%2032_Butare.pdf *
Heeb, J., Jenssen, P., Gnanakan, K. & K. Conradin (2007): ecosan
curriculum 2.0. In cooperation with: Norwegian University of Life
Sciences, ACTS Bangalore, Swiss Agency for Development and
Cooperation, German Agency for Technical Cooperation and the
International Ecological Engineering Society. Partially available
from www.seecon.ch and
http://www2.gtz.de/dokumente/oe44/ecosan/cb/en-m23-
ecosan-human-dignity-lecture-2006.ppt
Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F.L., Stensel, H.D. (2003) Wastewater
Engineering, Treatment and Reuse, Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., McGraw-
Hill, 4th edition. This is a good book on conventional wastewater
treatment
Zhang Wudi et al. (2001): Comprehensive utilization of human
and animal wastes. Proceedings of the First International
Conference on Ecological Sanitation in Nanning 2001,EcoSanRes,
China
36
Some more information about the
Biogas for Better Life Initiative
Pan African Biogas Initiative Launched : 31 May 2007
A large-scale biogas initiative has been launched to bring renewable
energy to 20 million households in some 25 African countries. The
initiative was approved at a conference entitled 'Biogas for Better Life: An
African Initiative', held in Nairobi, Kenya on 22 May 2007. The initiative is
being supported by a consortium consisting of African countries
(including Benin, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal
and South Africa), implementing agencies, local NGOs and donors
(including Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway and the Shell
Foundation).
Dutch partners in the initiative are the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and
development organisations SNV and Hivos.
The first national biogas programme – in Rwanda –has already begun.
Similar programmes in Ethiopia and Uganda will begin later this year.
These national programmes aim to construct the initiative’s first 50,000
biogas plants. Biogas programmes are already operational in various parts
of the world. SNV has worked on several successful programmes in Asia,
especially in Nepal and Vietnam.
A simple biogas plant can be operated by any family with at least two
cows or four pigs. The family toilet can also often be connected to it. Such
a plant will generate enough gas to power a stove and a lamp.A biogas
plant costs from 300 to 400 euros (although in Africa it will initially cost
more). But the expense can be recouped within a few years through
savings on firewood. And the waste product can still be used as manure.
37