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FIRM AGE, CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND CAPITAL
STRUCTURE
Submitted to: Dr. Irum Naz
Submitted by: Hina Sahar (25461)
Maryium Nisa (26538)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
Key definitions of each variable
Gap Analysis
Objectives
Contribution
Hypothesis
Variable Explanation
Implications of study
Conclusion
INTRODUCTION
This paper was published in Journal of
Corporate Finance in December 2017
And proposed by Robert Kieschnick & Rabih
Moussawi
INTRODUCTION CONT.
o A firm grows older many of its features change, and
thus influence on a number of its behavior.
o A firm's capital structure decisions reflects , how
aging firms have more assetsinplace than growth
options, so employ more debt.
o After going public, the different corporate governance
features for aging firms also changes.
o The costs and benefits of takeover defenses changes
as the firm ages.
o Thus the effect of these features on a firm's capital
structure decisions may change as the firm ages as a
publicly traded firm.
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Corporate governance is the system of rules,
practices, and processes by which a firm is
directed and controlled.
CG is linked with the company’s capital structure
& financing decision.
Good governance helps the companies to reduce
the cost of capital.
It helps the company to make effective and faster
capital structure decisions.
With sound governance structure, it is much
easier for organizations to obtain loan.
FIRM AGE
One can measure firm age as the time between
the initial creation of a firm and the present
time.
One can measure firm age as the time between
its going public and the present time.
The key feature influencing how firm age
influences the governance in publicly traded
firms and hence capital structure.
CAPITAL STRUCTURE
It refers to the amount of debt or equity
employed by a firm to fund its operations and
finance its assets.
How to measure a firm's capital structure is more
important than often recognized.
Equity is a plug number in accounting & claims
on assets, so only book value measures cannot
represent a firm's equity financing choice.
Increases in debt do not necessarily imply
increases in equity, or vice versa so effect on
capital structure decision criterion.
GAP ANALYSIS
Many empirical corporate capital structure
studies use measures for which equity is not the
obverse of debt, or vice versa.
A number of studies use book value measures
and fail to recognize that the book value of equity
is a plug number in accounting.
There are firms in their samples that do not use
“debt” as they define debt. So governance
features of firms that do not use ‘debt’ are quite
different from firms that do.
OBJECTIVES
This study provides various findings about the
effect of firm age on the relationship between
corporate governance & capital structure in the
context of US listed firms.
A thorough analysis of examining the effect of
firm age on how corporate governance influences
firm capital structure choices.
CONTRIBUTION
The study contributes to the literature in many ways.
Firstly, this study gives some key findings about the
effect of firm age on the relationship between
leverage or capital structure model and corporate
governance.
Secondly, this study identifies the leverage
measures which have been ignored in the previous
researches.
Finally, this study is not only identify the
relationship between leverage and corporate
governance structure as firm grows but it provide
an in depth analysis that how various level of firm
age effect on the corporate capital structure.
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
MEASURES
Board size, board composition, and corporate
charter/bylaw provisions are used as the essential
features of corporate governance
A corporation does not exist without having a
corporate charter & requires a board to set corporate
policy if it has >300 investors.
Whether the CEO is also the chairman of the board
is the focal point discussed.
Whether the firm has a dual class structure with a
superior voting share class, since it is an important
corporate charter feature.
Board
Independence:
Board Size • The number of
• Board size is PI Board:
independent • Proportion of
measure as the directors’ i.e. non
number of insiders on board is
executive or non used as to capture
directors on the managerial
board . board composition.
directors on the • The focus is on the
• Larger boards are board.
less efficient. proportion of insiders
on the board, rather
than outsiders
CEO Duality : Board Commission:
• CEO duality refers to • Board commission is the
the situation when number of commissions
CEO is also the formed by the board.
chairperson of the • Audit commissions,
board. strategic commissions,
• It is harmful for firms
nomination commissions,
because it grants more and remuneration and
power to the CEO, evaluation commissions.
MEASURES
Firm Age
Firm age can be measured as the time between the
initial creation of a firm and the present time or
the time between its going public and the present
time. This study focuses on the second option to
capture the effect of firm age on capital structure.
Capital Structure
Capital structure is a mix of debt and equity a firm
uses to fund its operations and finance its assets.
This study focuses on book as well as market value
of leverage to capture the effect of capital
structure.
HYPOTHESIS
Hypothesis 1: There is an association between
corporate governance based on board size, CEO
duality, board commission, board independence, PI
board, supervisory board size and capital structure.
Hypothesis 2: There is a significant relationship
between book leverage and corporate governance
based on board size, CEO duality, board commission,
board independence, PI board, supervisory board size
and firm age.
Hypothesis 3: There is a significant relationship
between market leverage and corporate governance
based on board size, CEO duality, board commission,
board independence, PI board, supervisory board size
and firm age.
CONTROL VARIABLES:
MarkettoBook Ratio:
Asset Tangibility
M/BV is the ratio of the market Asset tangibility denotes the ratio of
value of assets to the book value of inventory and fixed assets to total
assets for a firm. This variable is assets. This variable is typically found
a significant determinant of a to be a significant determinant of a
firm’s capital structure & often firm’s capital structure and is used to
capture its growth prospects. capture its ability to use collateralized
debt.
Profitability:
Expected Inflation Rate:
It represents the ratio of operating
income to total assets. This 90day Tbill rate is used to capture
variable is typically found to be a these expectations. This measure
significant determinant of a firm’s better captures market expectations
capital structure and is often about future inflation, which is a
interpreted to capture its
significant influence on corporate
operating cash inflows
capital structure decisions.
CONTROL VARIABLES:
Firm size (Size), tangibility (Tang), growth
opportunities (MTB) and firm age (Age), which
represents a positive empirical relation with
leverage
Some of them shows negative relation For
example, profitability (ROA), firm risk (Risk),
nondebt tax shields (NDTS), asset liquidity.
IMPLICATIONS OF STUDY
C.G is not an endogenous variables in statistical
models of the likelihood of a firm using debt (or
similarly, a firm being all equity financed).
Corporate governance feature that is use of dual class
stock has a consistent, statistically significant effect on
a firm’s decision to use debt.
When firms first begin as publicly traded firms, how
much debt they use is positively correlated with their
corporate charter restrictions on takeovers. However,
as they age, their use of debt is negatively correlated
with these provisions.
Most consistent statistically significant corporate
governance feature affecting a firm's decision on how
much debt to use is its board composition.
CONCLUSION
Firm age, without considering its interaction with
different corporate governance features, is negatively
correlated with a firm's use of debt conditional on its
using debt.
Corporate governance features that significantly
influence whether a firm uses debt differ from those
that influence how much debt that the firms uses if it
uses debt.
Corporate charter provisions of a firm and its board
composition are correlated with omitted variables in
regression models of how much debt financing that a
firm chooses to use conditional on its using debt.
As a firm ages, its corporate charter restrictions and
board composition influence its capital structure choices
quite differently than they do when the firm is young.