NATIONAL TAIWAN

OCEAN UNIVERSITY
國立台灣海洋大學

Chapter 1
The 8051 Microcontrollers

http://tc-sfa.ee.ntou.edu.tw/micro/Chapter1.ppt

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 Technology of Chips
ZIP (zig-zag in-line package) PGA (Pin Grid Array)

IC

SOIC (small-outline IC) DIP (Dual in line package)

PLCC QFP (Quad Flat Package)

(Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier)

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 Outlines
 Compare microprocessors & microcontrollers
 Advantages of microcontrollers
 Embedded systems
 Choose a microcontroller
 Speed, packaging, memory & cost per unit
 Various members of 8051 family
 Various manufacturers of 8051

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 Microcontroller vs. Microprocessors
General-purpose microprocessor
 CPU for Computers
 No RAM, ROM, I/O on CPU chip itself
 Example ： 8 bits => Z-80, Z-180, MCS-51, PIC, AVR
16 bits = > 80286, M16, MSP430, Arm7
32 bits = > M32, 68332, Pentium
64 bits => Pentium4…
Many chips on mother’s board
Data Bus
CPU
General-
Serial
Purpose RAM ROM I/O Timer COM
Micro- Port
Port
processor
Address Bus

General-Purpose Microprocessor System

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 Microcontroller vs. Microprocessors
Microcontroller :
 A smaller computer
 On-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports...
 Example ： Motorola’s 6811, Intel’s 8051, Zilog’s Z8 and PIC 16X

CPU RAM ROM

A single chip
Serial
I/O Timer COM
Port
Port

Microcontroller

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 Microcontroller vs. Microprocessors

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 Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller

Microprocessor
 CPU is stand-alone, RAM,
ROM, I/O, timer are separate
 designer can decide on the
amount of ROM, RAM and
I/O ports.
 expansive
 versatility
 general-purpose
Microcontroller
• CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and
timer are all on a single chip
• fix amount of on-chip ROM,
RAM, I/O ports
• for applications in which cost,
power and space are critical
• single-purpose

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 MicroProcessor Unit (MPU)
Central Processor Unit (CPU)

Input 1
+
- Output
Input 2 *
/

8 Bits, 16 Bits, 32 Bits, 64 Bits

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 Microprocessor

AddresAddres Data Data

O Data BuDasta Bus
O
A A
A A
I/O
I/O cpu cpu MEM
MEM cpu cpu D
D ROM ROM D
D RAM RAM II OO I/O I/O
D D
D D
c
I c
I o
o
n
n
t
t DD
RequesRet DequecsotdDeer coder
Read/wReriated/write

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 Microcontroller

AddresAddres Data Data

O Data BuDasta Bus
O
A A
A A
I/O
I/O cpu cpu MEM
MEM cpu cpu D
D ROM ROM D
D RAM RAM II OO I/O I/O
D D
D D
c
I c
I o
o
n
n
t
t DD
RequesRet DequecsotdDeer coder
Read/wReriated/write

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 Development
AT89C51 EDITOR
&
Assembly,C file COMPILER
+ Link

START

EDIT
COMPILE
&
Link

NO
WORK? Control

YES

END AT89C51 BOARD

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 Definitions of
“Embedded System”
1. A special-purpose computer that interacts with
the real world through sensing and/or actuation
2. A computer that you don’t think of as a
computer
3. Almost any computer that isn’t a PC
4. …

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 More definitions
 Microprocessor: A regular CPU
 Microcontroller: A system on chip that contains extra
support for dealing with the real world
 Analog to digital and digital to analog converters
 Pulse width modulation
 Networks: serial, I2C (Inter-integrated circuit), CAN
(controller area network), USB, 802.15.4, etc…
 General-purpose I/O pins
 Lots of interrupt lines
 Low-power sleep modes
 Voltage / frequency scaling
 Temperature / vibration resistance
 Onboard volatile and nonvolatile RAM
 What else?
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 Embedded Characteristics
􀂋 Close interaction with the physical world
~ Often must operate in real time
􀂋 Constrained resources
􀂋 ~ Memory
􀂋 - SRAM, DRAM, flash, EEPROM, …
􀂋 ~ Energy
􀂋 ~ CPU cycles
􀂋 ~ Pins
~ Flash memory read / write cycles
􀂋 ~ What else?

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 More Characteristics
 Concurrent
~ Easy to make concurrency errors
~ Hard to find and fix them
 Often lack:
~ Virtual memory
~ Memory protection
~ Hardware supported user-kernel boundary
~ Secondary storage
 Have to be developed rapidly
 Cost sensitive
~ Per-unit cost often dominates overall cost of a product

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 Important Difference
 Unlike PC software, embedded software is
developed in the context of a particular
piece of hardware
 This is good:
~ Appl can be tailored very specifically to platform
~ In many cases writing portable software is not a
concern
 This is bad:
􀂋 ~ All this tailoring is hard work

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 Embedded Computing Systems
 Use a microprocessor or microcontroller to do one
task only
~ Printer
 PC used for any number of applications
~ Word processor, print-server, bank teller terminal, video
game player, network server, internet terminal
 PC contains or is connected to various embedded
products
~ Keyboard, printer, modem, disk controller, sound card,
CD-ROM driver, mouse
 X86 PC embedded applications
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 Embedded Products Using Microcontrollers

 Home
– Appliances, intercom, telephones, security
systems, garage door openers, answering
machines, fax machines, home computers, TVs,
cable TV tuner, VCR, camcorder, remote
controls, video games, cellular phones, musical
instruments, sewing machines, lighting control,
paging, camera, pinball machines, toys,
exercise equipment

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 Embedded Products Using Microcontrollers

 Office
– Telephones, computers, security systems, fax
machines, microwave, copier, laser printer,
color printer, paging

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 Embedded Products Using Microcontrollers

 Auto
– Trip computer, engine control, air bag, ABS,
instrumentation, security system, transmission
control, entertainment, climate control, cellular
phone, keyless entry

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 Examples of Embedded Systems

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 Thus, Embedded System is:
• Embedded system means the processor is
embedded into that application.
• An embedded product uses a microprocessor or
microcontroller to do one task only.
• In an embedded system, there is only one
application software that is typically burned into
ROM.
• Example ： printer, keyboard, video game player

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 Traditional Embedded System Design
 SW and HW partitioning is decided at an early stage
 Using commodity components, board level design

Software
Software Application Hardware
Hardware
Function

Compiler
Compiler

Assembler
Assembler

Linker
Linker

Off-the-shelf Implementation
Binary Off-the-shelf
Binaryon
onuController
uController hardware
hardware

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 HW/SW Codesign Style
 An integrated design flow of hardware and software
 Often targeting SoCs, not constrained by commodity
components
Application
Application

Software
Software HW/SW Hardware
Hardware
Partitioning
Performance
Compilation, Estimation
Compilation,etc.
etc. Synthesis
Synthesis

Virtual
Virtualprototype
prototype

Cosimulation
Cosimulation

Processor
Processor++ Hardwired
Hardwired
Binary System-on-
BinaryCode
Code Components
Components
chip
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 Three criteria in Choosing a Microcontroller

 Computing needs
– Speed, packaging, power consumption, RAM,
ROM, I/O pins, timers, upgrade to high
performance or low-power versions, cost
 Software development tools
– Assembler, debugger, C compiler, emulator,
technical support
 Availability & source

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 Inside 8051 Microcontroller
The Intel 8051 is a Harvard architecture single chip
microcontroller which was developed by Intel in 1980 for use in
embedded systems.
Features: ••164KB
4334
128
12
Equipped
internal
bit
8-bit
8-bitclock
byte
16-bit
210 flash
timers
program
ports,
data
generalcycles
RAM
and
PEROM
with
(usually
bus
address (short
2bus
for
/serial
purpose
bit-addressable counter
external
instruction
data
(program)
(1models
2,
communication
but
byteand
interrupts.
may
have
data
wide
registers
locations have
2pointer
of8-bit
memory
each 8more,
ports).
or less).
addresses)
bits
Ex-interrupt
Timer/Counter

Interrupt Flash ROM Timer 1 Counter

4 K Bytes Data RAM
control Inputs
128 Bytes Timer 0

CPU

Bus control PORT Serial port

OSC

TxD RxD
P0 P1 P2 P3

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 Inside 8051 Microcontroller

18
17
10
0F
08
07

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 8051 uC
With a 12 MHz clock frequency, the 8051 could thus
execute 1 million one-cycle instructions per second
(or 500,000 two-cycle instructions per second).

By some estimations, 8051 family chips make up

over 50% of the embedded chip market.

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 Companies Producing 8051
 Table 1-2:Some Companies Producing a Member of
the 8051 Family
Company Web Site

Intel www.intel.com/design/mcs51

Atmel www.atmel.com

Philips/Signetics www.semiconductors.philips.com

Siemens www.sci.siemens.com

Dallas Semiconductor www.dalsemi.com

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 8051 Family
 Table 1-4:Comparison of 8051 Family Members

Feature 8051 8052 8031

ROM (on chip program space in bytes) 4K 8k 0k
RAM (bytes) 128 256 128
Timers 2 3 2
I/O pins 32 32 32
Serial port 1 1 1
Interrupt sources 6 8 6

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 Various 8051 Microcontrollers
 8751 microcontroller
– UV-EPROM
 AT89C51 from Atmel Corporation
– Flash (erase before write)
 DS5000 from Dallas Semiconductor
– NV-RAM (changed one byte at a time), RTC (real-time
clock)
 OTP (one-time-programmable) version of 8051
 8051 family from Philips
– AD, DA, extended I/O, OTP and flash
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 Web ของ MCS-51 ททน
ท า
น สนใจ

http://www.kmitl.ac.th/~kswichit/

Wichit Sirichote, kswichit@kmitl.ac.th

http://WWW.MCS51.COM/

Micro Controller Systems

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 thanks
to be continued …

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