Review with Calculator

Techniques

Use Casio 991 ES plus calculator

 Errors and Mistakes
• Error – the difference between the true and
measured value of a quantity.

• Mistakes – inaccuracies in measurements

which occur because some aspect of surveying
works were done with carelessness, poor
judgment, improper execution
 Statistical Formula’s
A. Probable Error of Single D. Standard Error, S.E.
Observations, E
V 2
V 2 S.E.  
E  0.6745 n(n  1)
n 1
E. Precision
B. Probable Error of the Mean, Em Em
P __
x
V 2 Where;
Em  0.6745
n(n  1) V=x–x
C, Standard Deviation, S.D. x = observed/measured value of a
quantity
x = mean value
V 2
S .D.   n = number of measurements
n 1
Rules for Weighted Measurements

 The weight is directly proportional to the number

of observations or measurements.

 The weight is inversely proportional to the square

of the probable errors.

 The weight is inversely proportional to the

distance.

The following data shows the difference
in elevation between A and B.
Trial No. Diff. in Elevation
1 520.14
2 520.20
3 520.18
4 520.24
1. Determine the most probable
difference in elevation?
2.The standard deviation?
3. The probable error of the mean?
4. The standard error?
5. And the precision?
Ans. 1.) 520.19
2.) ±0.04
3.) ±0.014
4.) ±0.02
5.) ±1/37,048
1.) Press ON MODE 3 1
3 Stat mode
1 Single variable x
Input 520.14 = 520.20 = 520.18 =
520.24 =
Press AC SHIFT 1 4 2 =
Ans. X = 520.19
2.) Press SHIFT 1 4 4 =
Ans. sx = 0.04163331999
3.) Press 0.6745 SHIFT 1 4 4 ÷ √
SHIFT 1 4 1 ) =
Ans. 0.6745sx√(n) = 0.01404083717
4.) Press SHIFT144 ÷ √ SHIFT 141) =
Ans. sx√(n) = 0.02081665999
5.) Press 0.6745 SHIFT 1 4 4 ÷ √
SHIFT 1 4 1 ) SHIFT 1 4 2 =
Ans. 0.6745sx√(n)x= 2.6991x10^-5
Press Xˉ¹=
Ansˉ¹ = 37048 (denominator)
Lines of levels between B and C are run over four different routes. B is at
elevation 825m, and is higher than C.

Route Distance Diff. in

No. (km) Elevation(m)
1 2 0.86
2 6 0.69
3 4 0.75
4 8 1.02

a.Determine the most probable difference in elevation.

b. Most probable elevation of C.
Long Method

Route Dist. (km) Diff. in Elev (m) Route Dist. Weights Wt. x Diff. in Elev.

1 2 0.86 1 2 4 4(0.86) = 3.44

2 6 0.69 2 6 4/3 4/3(0.69) = 0.92
3 4 0.75 3 4 2 2(0.75) = 1.5
4 8 1.02 4 8 1 1(1.02) = 1.02
8.33 6.88
W = k/d
Wd = k
W1d1=k W2d2 = k W3d3 = k W4d4 = k most probable difference in elevation:
W1d1 = W2d2 = W3d3 = W4d4
W1d1= W4d4 6.88 / 8.33 = 0.8256m.
W1(2)= W4(8)
Let W4 = 1 most probable elevation of C :
W1(2)= (1)(8)
W1 = 4 825 - 0.8256 = 824.174m.
W2d2 = W4d4
W2(6) = (1)(8)
W2 = 4/3
W3d3 = W4d4
W3(4) = (1)(8)
W3 = 2
 ON MODE 3 1 (stat mode)
Lines of levels between B and C are SHIFT MODE DOWN 4 1 (freq on)
run over four different routes. B is at
elevation 825m, and is higher than C.
X FREQ
Route Distance Diff. in
No. (km) Elevation(m) 0.86 2ˉ¹

1 2 0.86 0.69 6ˉ¹

2 6 0.69 0.75 4ˉ¹

3 4 0.75 1.02 8ˉ¹

4 8 1.02
To find the most probable
difference in elevation:
a. Determine the most probable AC SHIFT 1 4 2
difference in elevation. To find the most probable elevation
b. Most probable elevation of C. of C:
825 - x
Ans. a.) 0.826m
b.) 824.174m
The following data shows the difference in
elevation between A and B. 1.) Press ON
Press MODE 3 1
Diff. in No. of 3 Statistic mode
Trial No. Measurements
Elevation
1 Single variable x
1 520.14 1
To change set up:
2 520.20 3
Press SHIFT MODE DOWN 4 1
3 520.18 6
4 Stat mode set up
4 520.24 8
1 Frequency(weight) turn on
Input 520.14 = 520.20 = 520.18 =
1. Determine the most probable difference in 520.24 = RIGHT DOWN
elevation? 1= 3= 6= 8=
2. The standard deviation? Press AC
3. The probable error of the mean? Press SHIFT 1 4 2 =
4. The standard error? Ans. X = 520.2077778
5. And the precision?

Ans. 1.) 520.208

The following data shows the difference in
elevation between A and B.
2.) Press SHIFT 1 4 4 =
Diff. in No. of Ans. sx = 0.03227739248
Trial No. Measurements
Elevation
3.) Press 0.6745 SHIFT 1 4 4 ÷ √
1 520.14 1
SHIFT 1 4 1 ) =
2 520.20 3
Ans. 0.6745sx√(n) = 0.005131497
3 520.18 6
4.) Press SHIFT144 ÷ √ SHIFT 141) =
4 520.24 8 Ans. sx√(n) = 0.007607854
1. Determine the most probable 5.) Press 0.6745 SHIFT 1 4 4 ÷ √
difference in elevation? SHIFT 1 4 1 ) SHIFT 1 4 2 =
2. The standard deviation?
Ans. 0.6745sx√(n)x= 9.8643x10^-6
3. The probable error of the mean?
Press Xˉ¹=
4. The standard error?
Ansˉ¹ = 101375.427 (denominator)
5. And the precision?

Ans. 1.) 520.208

2.) ±0.03
3.) ±0.005
4.) ±0.0076
5.) ±1/101,375
From the measured values of distance Solution:
AB, the following trials were recorded.
ON MODE 3 1 (stat mode)
SHIFT MODE DOWN 4 1 (freq on)
Trial Dist. (m) Probable Error

1 120.68 ± 0.002 X FREQ

2 120.84 ± 0.030 120.68 1/(0.002)²
3 120.76 ± 0.100 120.84 1/(0.030)²
4 120.64 ± 0.050 120.76 1/(0.100)²
120.64 1/(0.050)²
Determine the :
a. Most Probable Distance? a. AC SHIFT 1 4 2 =
b. Probable Error of the Mean ? b.0.6745 SHIFT 1 4 4÷ √ SHIFT 1 4 1 )=
c. Standard Deviation? c. SHIFT 1 4 4 =
d. Standard Error? d. SHIFT 1 4 4 ÷ √ SHIFT 1 4 1) =
e. Precision?
e. 0.6745 SHIFT 1 4 4 ÷ √ SHIFT 1 4 1
Ans. a.120.68m ) SHIFT 1 4 2 =
b. ±0.0000146m
c. ±0.0108481m
d. ±0.0000216m
e. ±1/8273064m
Practice to Perfect
• Lines of leves between BM1 and BM2 are run over four diff. routes. The
elevations of BM1 is 640m. The lengths of the lines and observed
differences of elevations are shown in the table. Determine the least square
estimate of BM2. BM2 is higher than BM1.

Route Length Diff. in Elev

1 2 0.720
2 4 0.560
3 6 1.080
4 8 0.260
 The following interior angles of a triangle To determine the total weight:
traverse were measured with the same
5ˉ¹ + 6ˉ¹ + 2ˉ¹ =
precision:
SHIFT RCL Y
Value No. of
Angle
(degrees) measurements
A 41 5 The corrected angle A is
B 77 6 A + (5ˉ¹)X/Y =
C 63 2
ans. 40º46‘9.23"

Determine the most prob. value of : The corrected angle B is

a. angle A. B + (6ˉ¹)X/Y =
b. angle B. ans. 76º48‘27.69"
c. angle C.

Solution: The corrected angle A is

41 SHIFT RCL A C + (2ˉ¹)X/Y =
77 SHIFT RCL B ans. 62º25‘23.08"
63 SHIFT RCL C
To determine the error:
40º46‘9.23“+ 76º48‘27.69“+
180-(A+B+C)=
62º25‘23.08“=180º
SHIFT RCL X
Ex. Determine the most probable value To determine the error:
of the angles about a given point. 360-(A+B+C)= Ans. 18" → X

Value No. of
Angle
(degrees) measurements
To determine the total weight:
A 130º15‘03" 5 5ˉ¹ + 6ˉ¹ + 2ˉ¹ = Ans. 13/15 → Y
B 142º37‘21" 6
C 87º07‘18" 2
The corrected angle A is
A + (5ˉ¹)X/Y =
ans. 130º15‘7.15"
Determine the most prob. value of :
a. angle A.
b. angle B. The corrected angle B is
c. angle C. B + (6ˉ¹)X/Y =
ans. 142º37’24.46"
Solution:
130º15‘03" → A
The corrected angle A is
142º37‘21“ → B
87º07‘18" → C C + (2ˉ¹)X/Y =
ans. 87º07’28.38"
The following measured interior angles of a
five sided figure, compute the following: 540-(A+B+C+D+E) = -1 → X

Station Angles # of measure To determine the total weight:

A 110⁰ 2 2ˉ¹+3 ˉ¹+4 ˉ¹+6 ˉ¹+4 ˉ¹ = 3/2 → Y
B 98⁰ 3
C 108⁰ 4 A + 2ˉ¹X/Y = 109⁰40‘00"
D 120⁰ 6 B + 3ˉ¹X/Y = 97⁰46‘40“
C + 4ˉ¹X/Y = 107⁰50‘00“
E 105⁰ 4
D + 6ˉ¹X/Y = 119⁰53‘20“
Determine the corrected angles? E + 4ˉ¹X/Y = 104⁰50‘00“

Solution:
110 → A
98 → B
108 → C
120 → D
105 → E
A base line measured with an invar
tape, and with a steel tape as follows: X Y
571.185 571.193
Set I (Invar tape) Set II (Steel tape)
571.186 571.190
571.185 571.193
571.179 571.185
571.186 571.190
571.180 571.189
571.179 571.185
571.183 571.182
571.180 571.189
571.183 571.182

1. What is the S.D. for set II.

2. What is the MPV in set II.
3. What is the S.E. in set II.
4. What is the most probable value
of the two sets.
Adjustment of LEVEL NET

From the level net shown , it is required to

compute the adjusted elevations of BM2,
BM3 and BM4 if BM1 = 100m.

BM3

+5.08
- 10.06

BM2
- 5.20
BM4

+21.14

- 15.96
Answer: BM2=121.12
BM3=126.12
BM1 BM4=115.98
From the following observations shown, compute the adjusted values of x, y, and z.
x = 35-43-53.2 x +y = 65-20-58.2
y = 29-37-5.8 y + z = 53-03-43.1
z = 23-29-36.7 x + y + z = 88-50-36.2

x
y
z