Differentiation

BY: Kerry Z. Galvez

 Introduction
What is DIFFERENTIATION?
It is concern with finding the instantaneous rates of
change of functions and it is also known as
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS.
 DIFFERENTIATION

RATES OF CHANGE
WHAT IS RATE
OF CHANGE?
 DIFFERENTIATION
A RATE OF CHANGE is a rate that describes how one
quantity changes in relation to another quantity.

EXAMPLES:

as the amount of pressure on

the accelerator of a car changes as the distance from
as the amount of air in (increases or decreases), so the the earth changes
the balloon changes speed of the car also changes (increases or
(increases or decreases), decreases), so the
so the volume of the weight of the object
balloon also changes changes
 DIFFERENTIATION
A RATE is a ratio between two related quantities.

𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦

RATE OF CHANGE =
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦

GENERAL FUNCTION: y = f(x)

DEPENDENT VARIABLE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑦
RATE OF CHANGE =
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑥
 DIFFERENTIATION
AVERAGE RATE OF CHANGE
(how fast is it changing?)

SPEED AS A RATE OF CHANGE:

Distance
Travelled 20 40 60 80 100
(km) 100

Time 80

Taken 1 2 3 4 5 60
(sec)
40
DISTANCE
TRAVELLED (KM)
20

TIME TAKEN (SEC)

1 2 3 4 5
 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑦
RATE OF CHANGE =
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑥

𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 80−40 40 𝑘𝑚 𝑘𝑚

= = = = 20
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 4−2 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐
 DIFFERENTIATION
RATE OF CHANGE (how fast is it changing?)
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑦
RATE OF CHANGE =
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑥

𝑌2 − 𝑌1
SLOPE OF A LINE =
𝑋2 −𝑋1

For a linear function (a straight line) the average

rate of change of the function is equal to the
slope of the line.

For a linear function (a straight line), since the

slope is the same at all point along the line, the
rate of change is constant.
 Differentiation and the
Derivative
Differentiation is the algebraic method of
finding the derivative for a function at any point
The derivative of a function is rate of change
of Y axis with X(or slop at a point)
 DIFFERENTIATION
The Gradient Function
In the diagram, if A (X1, Y1) and the B(X2,Y2) are
two points on the curve y = x2, the straight line
𝑌 −𝑌
AB has gradient 𝑋2 −𝑋1 .
2 1

As B approaches A the line AB becomes closer

to a line l which is called the tangent at A.
Therefore:

𝑌 −𝑌
m = 𝑋2 −𝑋1 which is known the gradient of the
2 1
curve at A or gradient of the tangent at A.
Tangent and normal
 A straight line or plane that touches a curve or
curved surface at a point, but if extended
does not cross it at that point
Let f(x) is function
Differentiate it m=f’(x) where m is slope
Put value of x( say a)
Find tangent eqn by y-y1 =m(x-x1)
And normal by y-y1 =-1/m(x-x1)
Rate
 Rate or speed of change of function
 DIFFERENTIATION
𝑑𝑦
The process of obtaining of a given function is called
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
DIFFERENTIATION. The function is also known as
𝑑𝑥
the derived function or derivative or differential
coefficient of y with respect to x.
Example:
𝒅𝒚
1.) Find the if y = 3x5 – 2x3 + 4x.
𝒅𝒙

SOLUTION:

y = 3x5 – 2x3 + 4x

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= (3x5 – 2x3 + 4x)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
= (3x5) - (2x3) + 4x
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 3(5x4) – 2(3x2) + 4

= 15x4 – 6x2 + 4
Example:
2.) Differentiate 3x4 – 4 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒕𝒐 𝒙.

SOLUTION:
1
𝑑 𝑑
(3x4 – 4 𝑥 - 2) = (3x4 – 4x2 - 2)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−
1
1
= 3(4x3) – 4( x 2 )
2

𝟐
= 12x3 -
𝒙
 𝑑𝑦
If y = f(x), then the derivative may also be denoted by f’(x).
𝑑𝑥

𝒙𝟐+𝟓𝒙+𝟒
Example 3.) Differentiate f(x) =
𝒙

𝒙𝟐+𝟓𝒙+𝟒
f(x) =
𝒙

4
=x+5+
𝑥

= x + 5 + 4x-1

f’(x) = 1 + 4 (-x-2)
𝟒
f’(x) = 1 -
𝒙𝟐
Example:
𝟏
4.) Find the gradient of the curve y = 2x + at a point (1,3)
𝒙𝟐

SOLUTION:
𝟏
y = 2x +
𝒙𝟐

= 2x + x-2
𝑑𝑦
= 2 + (-2x-3)
𝑑𝑥
𝟐
=2-
𝒙𝟑
𝑑𝑦 2
At (1,3), x = 1, =2- =0
𝑑𝑥 13

Therefore, the gradient at (1,3) is 0.

Example:
5.) Find the coordinates of the points on the curve
y = 2x3 – 4x2 + x + 1 at which the gradient is -1.

SOLUTION:
y’ = 6x2 – 8x + 1

Gradient = -1

6𝑥2 – 8𝑥 + 1 = −1
3x2 – 4x + 1 = 0
(3x -1) (x-1) = 0
𝟏 𝟐𝟔
x = , y = or x = 1, y = 0
𝟑 𝟐𝟕
𝟏 𝟐𝟔
Therefore, the required points are ( , ) and (1,0).
𝟑 𝟐𝟕
Example:
𝒙𝟐+𝟏
6.) Differentiate with respect to x and find the coordinates
𝒙
𝒙𝟐+𝟏
of the points at which the gradient of the curve y = is 0.
𝒙
SOLUTION:
𝒙𝟐+𝟏 1
since =x+
𝒙 𝑥
= x + x-1
𝑑 𝒙𝟐+𝟏 𝑑
( ) = ( x + x-1)
𝑑𝑥 𝒙 𝑑𝑥
= 1 + (-x-2) Substituting x = 1 and x = -1 into (1),
1 we obtain y = 2 and y = -2
=1- 2
𝟐
𝑥 respectively. Hence the required
𝒙 +𝟏 points are (1,2) and (-1,-2).
So, y = ..... (1)
𝒙
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 1
= 1 - 2….. If = 0, then 1 - =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
x2 = 1
x = ±𝟏
 DIFFERENTIATION
EXERCISES:
1. Differentiate the following with respect to x (where a and b are
constants).
a) 3x2 + 4x – 1 b) x4 – 7x2 + 6x
2 6 1
c) 4x + d) 3 - + 3
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

2. Calculate the gradient of the tangent to the curve at the given point.
6−4𝑥
a) y = 4x2 – 6x + 1 , (2,5) b) y = , x = -2
𝑥

3. Find the coordinates of the point on the curve y = x3 – 3x2 + 6x + 2 at

which the gradient is 3.