About

71% of
Earth’s
Surface is
water-
covered
Most of the Saltwater is distributed on
Earth largely through the oceans
The Freshwater on the other hand,
exists in the air as water vapor
Rivers, Lakes, Glaciers and
Icecaps
In the ground, and even
inside living things
 OCEAN
• Made up of Saltwater and very
large in size
• Largest Ocean on Earth is the
Pacific Ocean which covers
1/3 of the Earth’s Surface
• Pacific Ocean is followed by
Atlantic Ocean and Indian
Ocean in size
Important for providing food,
through the many fish
species that inhabit the
oceans
 For transport through
seas vessels like ships
and boats
  SEAS
•Smaller bodies of water
than oceans
•Partly enclosed by land
and are linked to an
Ocean
Like Oceans, seas are a source
of a wide variety of food, and
are also used for transportation
  Lakes
• Completely surrounded by
land
• Larger than Ponds and they
were formed a long time ago
by Glaciers
• World’s Largest Lake is the
Caspian Sea
  Rivers
• Are large flowing water bodies that
drain into a sea or an ocean
• Rivers carry freshwater that usually
originates in mountains or elevated
areas, and are added to by smaller
bodies of water such as creeks or
streams, as well as by rainfall
• The Longest River is the Nile in Egypt
Rivers are also very important in
Trade and Transportation
 Bay
•An area of water
bordered by land on
three sides, similar to,
but smaller than a gulf
 Fjord
•A submerging
landform which has
occurred due to
glacial activity
 Gulf
•A part of a lake or ocean
that extends so that it is
surrounded by land on
three sides, similar to
but larger than a bay
 Lagoon
•Shallow salt or brackish
water separated from
the deeper sea by a
shallow or exposed
sand back or coral reef
  Marsh
•A wetland with shallow
water featuring grasses,
rushes, reeds, sedges,
and other herbaceous
plants
 Spring
•A point where
groundwater flows
out of the ground
•GROUNDWATER
is the largest source of
freshwater readily
accessible to humans. It
comes from the zone of
saturation produced from
the filtration of rainwater.
•Above it is the Water
Table – the highest
underground level at
which the soil in
Particular area is
completely filled with
water.
•Sometimes the water table
intersects the surface of
the earth. The water that
flows out of it is known as
spring. A man-made hole
that reaches the water
table is called a well.
•Water from this layer has
low pressure so it needs to
be pumped out. The zone
of Aeration, located above
the water table, is an area
where the soil is not
saturated with water.
•The Porosity and
Permeability of
rocks regulate the
movement of
water underground
•POROSITY refers to
the ratio of the space
taken up by the
pores in a soil, rock,
or other material to
its total volume
• Sand has higher porosity than
Clay because it has more pore
spaces to accommodate more
water
•PERMEABILITY is
the capability of the
soil or rock to make
a fluid pass through
the pore spaces.
•An Aquifer is a layer
composed of porous
and permeable
materials that transfer
groundwater easily.
• An Artesian system is dug until
the hole reaches an aquifer.
• Aquitard – it is saturated with
water but has low permeability
• Aquiclude – is an impermeable
layer of soil or rock that prevents
the flow or infiltration of
groundwater
•When groundwater gets
heated by geothermal
energy, it rises and finds
the nearest vent. It the
water is collected on
the surface, it may
become a hot spring
•Other cases of heated
groundwater may expand
and change to hot
vaporized water. It causes
a small eruption on the
surface from formations
called geysers
WATER
CYCLE
•Water Cycle or
Hydrologic Cycle is the
movement of Water
from Earth to the
Atmosphere and Back
again.
•Evaporation – takes place
when heat energy changes
liquid water to water
vapor. Plants and Animals
also release water vapor
into the atmosphere as
they breathe
•Condensation occurs
when water vapor in
the upper
atmosphere cools
and changes back to
liquid water.
• Water needs to cling to dust
particles in order to form
clouds. When clouds become
saturated with water, they
fall back down to the Earth
as rain, snow, sleet, or hail,
it is called precipitation
Physical and
Chemical
Properties of
Water
• Water is one of a kind substance
because it can exist in all three physical
states: liquid, solid (ice) at zero degree
celsius and gas (water vapor) at 100
degree celsius. When it becomes a solid,
it becomes less dense and will float on
its liquid form. With a high specific heat
index, water can store a lot of heat
energy. This helps our oceans
atmosphere therefore stabilizing our
climate’s temperature
The chemical formula of water
is H20
Water is essential to the
functioning of living things
Consuming and Drinking water
is important to maintain good
health and proper functioning
of the body
 Distribution of Water on Earth
 Distribution of Water on Earth
About 97% of all
water is salty,
found in ocean,
seas, and saltwater
lakes. Only 3% is
fresh water.
 Distribution of Water on Earth
Almost 69% is stored in
glaciers and icecaps, mainly
found in Greenland and
Antarctica. About 30% of all
fresh water is present
underground. This leaves 0.9%
coming from other sources
such as the atmosphere, plants
and animals and a small
portion of about 0.3% of all
freshwater coming from
surface water.
 Distribution of Water on Earth
87% of the
surface freshwater
comes from the
lakes, 11% from
swamps and only
2% comes from
rivers
How Human
Activities
Affect Water
Quality?
 Agriculture
• Water quality can be greatly affected
when farmers treat their crops with
chemical pesticides and chemicals.
These chemicals can infiltrate the ground
water and eventually flow into streams
and rivers where people and other living
things collect water. Domestic animals
such as sheep, cow, horse, and goat can
also affect the water quality by
contaminating it with their feces.
 Littering
• Wastes like plastic, bags, paper,
bottles and cans which are thrown
on the ground or on the rivers and
other bodies of water can cause
pollution. Wastes can also be
blown by the wind into the rivers
and seas and stay there for a long
time.
 Chemical by-products
• Dripping oil from vehicles or
cooking oil into the drain
can cause serious problems
in the rivers and eventually
at the water purification
sites.
 Chemical by-products
• Chemicals, medicines and oil
and other by-products should
never be flushed down the
toilet or poured down the
drain, as they contaminate the
water, making it more difficult
and expensive to purify.
 Industry
• Some industries have been
given permission to discharge
their wastes into nearby rivers
or streams. There are some
industries which do not follow
the rules or which have not
acquired permission to release
their waste into the river.
 Industry
• The resulting problems include
contaminated drinking water
and disturbed growth of plants
and animals thriving in the
polluted air.
1. Water your lawn in the early
morning – it minimizes
evaporation and water waste
2. Group plants together based on
similar water needs.
3. Find out if you have a leak in
your water pipes at home
4. Repair dripping faucets
5. By timing your showers to keep
them under five minutes and
installing low-flow showerheads,
you can save water.
6. Take your car to a professional
car wash instead of washing it in
the driveway. Car washes treat
waste water.
7. Avoid soap that contains
chlorine, chlorine bleach,
phosphates, nitrates and ammonia.
8. Use minimal amount of fertilizer
on lawns and garden. Avoid using
when a rain shower is expected.
9. Use alternative pest management
techniques instead of pesticides.
Avoid pesticides when a rain shower
is expected.
10. Clean driveways and sidewalks by
sweeping instead of using a hose and
water. Don’t wash lawn clippings or
leaves down the storm drain.
11. Use alternatives to household
cleaners and avoid putting
hazardous chemicals down the drain
12. Don’t remove trees and bushes
from along streams
THE END