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• It in cooking reducing the demand for LPG & Fire Wood. Biogas has been
popular by the name “GOBAR GAS” mainly due to the use of animal dung for
its production.
• The process parameters are pH, Temperature, C/N Ratio, Dry solids content,
loading rate, Mixing, Retentiontime.
Experimental setup: Fabrication and construction:
• Round tanks have the largest volume per surface that means a minimum of heat
loss.
• The fermentor tank should be completely air tight, because even with a small
concentration of air in the biogas there is an explosive mixture.
• The waste inlet & outlet have to be placed in order to ensure a maximum of the
path b/w them and to prevent short circuiting.
• For mesophillic fermentation, the temperature in high rate systems has to be kept
constant around 30-350C.
Experimental procedure:
• Water based sources: marine plants produce very good biogas but
their salinity is a serious problem.
• The first gas from a newly filled biogas plant contains too little
methane. The gas formed in the first 4-5 days must therefore be
discharged unused.
Production process (Anaerobic digestion technology):
• Anaerobic digestion is biological process in which microbes,
particularly bacteria, digest organic waste material in an oxygen
free environment.
pH
Temperature
C/N Ratio
Loading rate
Mixing
Retention time
• pH :
• An optimal pH value of input mixture in the digester is in between 6 and 7.2.
• pH values below this range often show high concentration of volatile fatty acids and
can be toxic to the bacterial populations especially the methanogenic bacteria.
Higher pH ranges than 7.2 also slow down methane production.
Temperature:
There are two different operational parameters associated with the solids content of
the digester feedstock.
High solids digesters can process thick slurries; they however require more energy
input to move and process the feedstock.
Low solids digesters will require less energy for processing the feedstock, the
benefit of this is that the liquid environment enables a more thorough circulation of
materials and contact between the bacteria and their food.
Loading Rate:
The loading rate often refers to the amount of raw materials fed per unit volume of
digester capacity per day.
Overfeeding of the plant will cause the acids to accumulate, inhibiting methane
production.
Underfeeding on the other hand, will cause lower gas production rate in the plant
Mixing
Fe (OH)2+H2S→FeS+2H20 Fe2S3+3O2+6H20→4Fe(OH)3+3S2
2FeS+O2+2H20→2 Fe (OH)2+S2
Experimental Results and Discussions:
Moisture content: 85% Dry solid content: 15% Volatile solids content: 77%.
Batch size and system volume:
Organic loading rate, OLR = volatile solids in vegetable waste / system volume
• Methane production rate: This is determined using the total methane and system
volume. Methane production rate = total methane/ digest volume = 2.634 m3/ m3-day.
• The relevant dimensions for the flat bottom digesters are given below.
• H = ht of the cylindrical portion of the up to the top edge of the inlet or outlet
opening. (For flat bottom digesters, m)
dh = A + B;
1 1
q 1
q 1
3
B R
3
A R
2
Where, 2
2
2
D 2
dh
2
r 0.9194m
Radius of the dome,
2d h
• Cost Estimation of the process:
• The economic viability of biogas can be assessed using two different methods which
are financial and social.
• One, Financial analysis based on market, including taxes, subsidies and money
profit.
• And another, social analysis is the true economic worth to the society of the inputs
and outputs of the project and includes secondary benefits.
• The financial viability of the biogas plants depends on whether the gas and slurry
outputs can substitute for fuels and fertilizers.
• The financial support from the government to establish such projects by providing
subsidies to the investors and formers, then the resulting cash savings can be used to
repay the capital and maintenance costs and the plant get a good chance of financial
viability.
• Here, two products of biogas plant that are the biogas and the fertilizer.
Value of biogas:
• The gas should be compared with the fuels that it substitutes such fuels like fire
wood, butane or charcoal.
• A few assumptions that simulate the condition in rural areas and simplify the
calculations will be made to compare the cost against the benefits.
Capital cost:
• Let the total cost of the digester with gas holder is equal to Rs 5500/- to 6500/-
per m3 of digester volume.
• The volume of a 0.02 m3/ day capacity biogas plant is approximately 2 m3.
Thus the total cost Cc of the plant would be about Rs 11000/-.
• Assuming that the former receives the loan at 10% interest to be repaid over 10
years, the annual repayment may be calculated from the formula,
…eqn.1; Where, the annuity factor is; and is calculated from,
Cc
Ca
a
a
1 1 i
n
The total cost of the loan including the interest will be,
Annual cost: Assuming that the life of the gas plant is 20 years and that the repairs
maintenance costs are about 2% of the capital cost, the annual cost will be
17915 2 11000
Rs1115.765 /
20 100
• Cost of energy: Assuming an average cost of Rs 10/-per litre for kerosene and Rs 1.5/- per kg of
firewood, the cost equivalent of effective heat using 1 m3 biogas will be 10 X 0.53 = Rs 5.3/- for
kerosene and 6.0 X 1.50 = Rs 9/- for firewood. From these results, the annual benefits of using
biogas instead of kerosene and firewood.
• Value of fertilizer: In order to set a value for the effluent as fertilizer in comparison to the
kitchen waste, it will be assumed that accordingly, in 11700 kg of waste has 14.1 kg of N2 that
equals to 31 kg of urea fertilizer which has about 46% N2 normally. If urea costs Rs 9/- per kg and
contains Rs 46/- N2 then 1 kg of N2 costs Rs 18/-. From the above, it follows that the value of N2 in
the waste for a 3 m3 / day capacity biogas plant would be = 14.1 X 18 X 3.0 = Rs 761.4/-; the cost of
the N2 is Rs 76.14/- per year. Therefore, total benefit is Value of biogas + Value of fertilizer = Rs
8639.55/- + Rs 76.14/-; total benefit = Rs 8920.95/-
• In this work, the production rate of methane and fertilizer are high and
cost estimation is cheap comparing with other sources by using basic
raw material kitchen waste of 100 kg/day.
3. http://en.wiki.org/wiki/mechanicalbiologicaltreatment
4. http://www.bioconverter.com/technology/primer.htm.
5. http://www.waste-technology.co.uk/Efw/efw.php.
6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/waste_management.
7. http://www.britishbiogen.co.uk/goodpractice/adgpg
8. http://foe.co.uk/resource/mechanical_biolo_treatment.html
9. Biogas, the Indian NGO Experience, Network Program by Tata energy research
institute.
Suryapet.
RAW MATERIALS FOR BIOGAS PRODUCTION
AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS
Litre gas
Substrate Kg of dry CH4% CO2 %
Substance
Protein 700 70 30
Fat 1200 87 33
Carbohydrate 800 50 50
Designation Unit CH4 CO2 H2 H2S Biogas
mixture of
60%CH4;40
%CO2
Net calorific valve KJ/N cu.m 35800 --- 10800 22800 21500
Energy Calculations
Waste stream characteristics
This analysis will assume an average
weekly output of 50 tonnes
Methane Yield
PRESSURE
GUAGE
GAS OUTLET
SUPPORTERS
DRAIN PIPE
FEED PIPE
STATIONARY DRUM
FLOATING DRUM
LIST Of ABBREVIATIONS
1. AD Anaerobic Digestion
2. C Carbon
3. O Oxygen
4. H Hydrogen
5. N Nitrogen
6. TS
7. VS Volatile Solids
8. HRT High Retention Time
9. OLR Organic Loading Rate
10. DE Digester Efficiency
Second ppt
Experimental Results
Material balance
Energy balance
Design Calculation
MATERIAL BALANCE
Waste Stream Characteristics:-
This analysis will assume an average
weekly output of 0.7 tonnes
Quantity Of Gas
Specification
Consumed(m3/Hr)
2” Burner 0.33
6” Burner 0.64
Production Process
2.Acid Formation
3.Methane Formation
Products (outputs)
Biogas
Enriched manure
Areas of Application