Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2
The Chemical
Context of Life
Lecture Presentations by
Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge
Sodium
Chlorine
Sodium chloride
(a) (b)
23Na
11
Cancerous
throat
tissue
Atomic
nucleus
(b)
Second
shell
Third
shell
Hydrogen Helium
1H 2He
First
shell
Second
shell
Third
shell
Second
shell
Third
shell
Hydrogen
molecule (H2)
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The notation used to represent atoms and bonding
is called a structural formula
For example, H—H
This can be abbreviated further with a molecular
formula
For example, H2
−
H H
H2O
Na Cl
Na Cl
Sodium atom Chlorine atom
−
Na Cl Na Cl
Na Cl Na Cl−
Sodium atom Chlorine atom Sodium ion Chloride ion
(a cation) (an anion)
Na
Cl−
Water (H2O)
Hydrogen bond
−
Ammonia (NH3)
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Van der Waals Interactions
Space-Filling Ball-and-Stick
Model Model
104.5
Water (H2O)
Methane (CH4)
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Biological molecules recognize and interact with each
other with a specificity based on molecular shape
Molecules with similar shapes can have similar
biological effects
Natural
endorphin Morphine
Endorphin
Brain cell receptors
Key
Carbon Nitrogen
Natural endorphin Hydrogen Sulfur
Oxygen
Morphine
Natural
endorphin Morphine
Endorphin
receptors
Brain cell
2 H2 O2 2 H2O
Reactants Reaction Products
Hydrogen
bond
Polar covalent
bonds
Adhesion
Two types of
water-conducting
cells
Cohesion
Direction
of water
movement 300 m
300 m
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Surface tension is a measure of how hard it is to
break the surface of a liquid
Surface tension is related to cohesion
Ice:
Hydrogen bonds
are stable
Na
Na
Cl− Cl−
−
−
H2CO3 ⇌ HCO3− H
[H+][OH−] = 10−14
pH = −log [H+]
1
Battery acid
Increasingly Acidic
2 Gastric juice, lemon juice
[H] [OH−]
3 Vinegar, wine,
cola
4 Tomato juice
Acidic
solution Beer
5 Black coffee
Rainwater
6 Urine
Saliva
Neutral
7 Pure water
[H] [OH−] Human blood, tears
8 Seawater
Neutral
Inside of small intestine
solution
Increasingly Basic
9
[H] [OH−]
10
Milk of magnesia
11
Household ammonia
12
Basic
solution Household
13 bleach
Oven cleaner
14
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 2.23a
CO2
H2CO3 H HCO3−
H CO32− HCO3−
20
Calcification rate
10
0
220 240 260 280
Nucleus
Protons ( charge)
determine element Electrons (− charge)
form negative cloud
Neutrons (no charge) and determine
determine isotope chemical behavior
Atom
0
Acidic
[H] [OH−]
Acids donate H in
aqueous solutions.
Neutral
[H] [OH−] 7