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Chemical Chemical
equations equations
• Synthesis
• Balancing equations • Decomposition
• Single replacement
• Predicting products • Double replacement
from reactants • Combustion
Indications of a Chemical Reaction
› Production of a gas
› Formation of a precipitate
› Color change
There are five main signs that indicate a chemical reaction
has taken place:
release
input
change in color change in odor
production of new input or release difficult to reverse
gases or vapor of energy
•Combustion reactions occur
when a hydrocarbon reacts with
oxygen gas.
•This is also called burning!!! In
order to burn something you
need the 3 things in the “fire
triangle”:
1) A Fuel (hydrocarbon)
2) Oxygen to burn it with
3) Something to ignite the
reaction (spark)
•In general:
CxHy + O2 CO2 + H2O
•Products in combustion are
ALWAYS carbon dioxide and
water. (although incomplete
burning does cause some by-
products like carbon
monoxide)
•Combustion is used to heat
homes and run automobiles
(octane, as in gasoline, is
C8H18)
Example
C5H12 + O2 CO2 + H2O
C10H22 + O2
Element in Common
Combustion Situation
Reactant Oxide
Coal in a coal-fired electricity
carbon CO2 (g)
generator
2 Na + Cl2 2 NaCl
Na Cl
Cl
Na
General form: A + B AB
element or element or compound
compound compound
Synthesis reactions occur when two
substances (generally elements) combine
and form a compound.
Basically: A + B AB
•Example: 2H2 + O2 2H2O
•Example: C + O2 CO2
C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g)
C + F2 -----
MgO + H2O ---
H
O
H
+
H
O
General form: AB A + B
compound two or more elements
or compounds
Decomposition reactions occur when a
compound breaks up into the elements
or in a few to simpler compounds
In general: AB A + B
a) Carbonates (CO32-) decompose to carbon
dioxide and a metal oxide
Mg + CuSO4 MgSO4 + Cu
General form:
A + BC AC + B
Double-replacement reaction
CaCO3 + 2 HCl CaCl2 + H2CO3
General form:
AB + CD AD + CB
Element Reactivity
Li
Rb
K
Ba
Ca
Na Halogen Reactivity
Mg
Al F2
Ca
Foiled again –
Mn Cl2
Aluminum loses to Calcium Zn Br2
Cr
Fe
I2
Ni
Sn
Pb
H2
Cu
Hg
Ag
Pt
Au
3 Mg + 2 3
AlCl 2 Al + MgCl
3 2
Can magnesium replace aluminum? YES, magnesium is more reactive than aluminum.
Activity Series
Al + MgCl2 No reaction
Can aluminum replace magnesium? NO, aluminum is less reactive than magnesium.
Order of reactants
DOES NOT
MgCl2 + Al No reaction determine how
they react.
The question we must ask is can the single element replace its counterpart?
metal replaces metal or nonmetal replaces nonmetal.
Solubility Rules
1. Most nitrates are soluble.
2. Most salts containing Group I ion and ammonium ion, NH4+, are soluble.
3. Most chloride, bromide, and iodide salts are soluble, except Ag+, Pb2+
and Hg22+.
4. Most sulfate salts are soluble, except BaSO4, PbSO4, Hg2SO4, and CaSO4.
5. Most hydroxides except Group 1 and Ba(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, and Ca(OH)2 are
only slightly soluble.
Ohn-Sabatello, Morlan, Knoespel, Fast Track to a 5 Preparing for the AP Chemistry Examination 2006, page 91