GLOBAL MIGRATION

MIGRATION
As a result of social, economic and
political changes migration as a
worldwide issue has brought about 80
million migrants and 20 million of them
are refugees. Movement of people
from one region or society to another
for the purpose of settlement.
DEFINITIONS
• Migration is the movement of people from
one region to another for the purpose of
settlement.
• Immigration is the movement of people
into a country to settle.
• Emigration is the process by which people
leave a country to settle in another
country.
HISTORY
European expansion and its effects brought
migration into world’s agenda. After 2nd World
War and especially in the last decades
migration became an important political issue.
Migration on the one hand make a country’s
population ethnically and culturally colorful,
creates hostility towards outsiders on the other.
Movement of people towards the 1st World
forced European countries’ to examine their
citizenship regulations.
FOUR MODELS OF
MİGRATİON
• Classic Model: Immigration is encouraged by
the countries of destination like USA, Canada
and Australia. The only restriction is annual
quotas.
• Colonial Model: Countries are more tolerant to
immigration coming from their ex-colonies than
other countries of origin. (i.e. immigration to
England from the former British colonies)
• Worker Model: Immigrants are accepted
temporarily as guests workers to fulfil the demand
within the labour market without citizenship.
• Illegal Model: Entering an industrialized country
secretly and work without legal permission.
FORCES BEHIND MIGRATION
• Push Factors are the dinamics within the country of
origin which force people to emigrate such as war,
famine, political oppression or population pressures.
• Pull Factors are characteristics of destination countries
that attract immigrant wish to get better living and
working conditions.
• Macro Level Processes: Overcharging issues such as
political situations, laws and regulations between the
countries to control migration. Changes in global
economy can be counted as a macro factor for
example.
• Micro Level Processes: Resources knowledge and
understandings that migrant population has and
activate.
A CASE FOR MACRO/MICRO
LEVEL PROCESSES
• Macro Level
-Germany’s need for labour,
-German policy for guest workers,
-Turkish economy’s lacking employment.
• Micro Level
Informal network among Turkish workers.
FOUR TENDENCIES IN GLOBAL
MIGRATION
(BY STEPHEN CASTLES AND MARK MILLER, 1993)

• Acceleration: Increase in the number of

migrants.
• Diversification: Types of migrants have
changed. Labor force, refugees.
• Globalization: In terms of sender or receivers
migration become global in nature.
• Feminization: Women’s number in migrants
are increasing. They are generally hired as
cheap labor force like domestic labor or
sexual slaves.
GLOBAL DIASPORAS
Diaspora is dispersal of an ethnic
population from an original homeland into
foreign areas by force because of
traumatic reasons.
First known diasporas African-American
people who migrated to the new world as
slaves and Jews people who had to
migrate and got citizenship in the West
today after the 2nd world war.
CHARACTERISTICS OF DIASPORAS
• Sharing the same history and ancestors,
• Sharing a common reserved ethnic identity,
• Sharing a collective memory of original
homeland,
• A degree of tension towards the host country,
• Sharing the belief in return,
• Sharing a sense of solidarity,
• A potential to contribute to the host culture.
FIVE HISTORICAL DIASPORAS

Robin Cohen (1997) defines five historical

categories of diasporas and notes that diasporas
are formed as a result of persecution and violence.
Victim (Jewish),
Imperial (British),
Labor (Indian),
Trade (Chinese),
Cultural (Caribbean).
A CASE: UNITED KINGDOM
• Historically Britain is formed by English, Welsh, Scottish and Irish.
After industrial revolution some Dutch, Chinese, Irish and black
people had been added to the existing British community.
• Surveys show that British people are discriminatory to non-Briton.
• British migration policy has been getting more and more
discriminatory. In order to get British citizenship, a person has to
be born and bred in Britain by a British parent. The British
Overseas citizenship formed in 1981 has become more
restrictive recently.
• Between 1991-1993 entering to UK as asylum seekers and get
refugee status had been hardened following Thatcher policies.
• More than 6 per cent of British population are made up of
different ethnic and racial background.
• Recent migrants are working in manual jobs and paid less.
• In professional and managerial positions there are few ethnic
people.
• Discrimination occurs in hiring level because of legal restrictions.
• Unemployment rate is higher among ethnic people.
IMMIGRATION AND ETHNIC
RELATIONS IN EUROPE
• After the 2nd World War some Mediterranean and
North African countries sent guest workers to Europe
as a result of acute labor shortage.
• After the collapse of Soviet regime a new migratory
movement has started:
- Migration from ex-socialist countries to Europe and
- migration from East Germany to the West starting
from 1989.
- Ethnic un-mixing in Soviet countries and former
Yugoslavia created millions of migrant and refugees.
MIGRATION AND THE EUROPEAN
• Freedom of movement within EU is resulted a
migration of highly developed and skilled people.
According to this legislation EU citizens have right to
work and live in another EU country.
• With the Schengen Agreement some EU countries
hardened the control of their territory. By the
enlargement of EU, the protection of the external
borders became more important issue.
• Except family unification and studentship, entrance
to the EU is almost impossible. Still it is estimated
that every year 400.000 people smuggled into the
EU borders.
• This fact triggered illegal entries and human
trafficking. Human smuggling became a global
organized crime as a result of that.
REFUGEES, ASYLUM SEEKERS
AND ECONOMIC MIGRANTS
• Asylum Seeker: A person who applied for refuge in a
foreign country due to a fear of religious or political
persecution in his or her country of origin.
• Although it is an internationally recognized legal
rights. Asylum seekers are treated like criminal
people by the authorities of the country of
destination.
• Some people enter to European countries to seek
better life but do not get political protection. That’s
why EU countries strengthen their policies and
accepting procedures against illegal entrances.
• People in EU countries see asylum seekers as
potential criminals. They become less tolerant to the
migrant people.