ATOMIC STRUCTURE,

STRUCTURE OF ATOM

 SUBMITTED TO:  SUBMITTED BY : Rohit Das

 Tanya Nagpal
WHAT IS AN ATOM ?

An atom a fundamental piece of matter.

Everything in the universe (except energy) is
made of matter, and, so, everything in the
universe is made of atoms.
Atoms are basically composed of electrons
and nucleus, the nucleus actually contains the
protons and the neutrons.
The mass of the atom is basically determined by
the protons and neutrons.
COMPONENTS OF ATOM

An atom is itself made up of tiny kind of particles called

subatomic particles which are
 PROTONS (heavier than the electron by 1840 times )
 ELECTRONS
 NEUTRONS
A particular atom will have the same number of protons
and electrons and most atoms have at least as many
neutrons as protons
DISCOVERY OF ATOM

Atom was discovered by John Dalton He proposed the

famous atomic theory in 1807
some properties of atom :-
 atom can neither be created nor be destroyed
 Atom is the smallest unit of matter that is composed of
a positively charged centre termed as “nucleus”.
 it can be engaged in the chemical reactions and they
are also indivisible.
Discovery by Dalton

The atomic theory Dalton developed consists of three ideas:

 All substances are made of atoms. Atoms are the smallest
particles of matter. They cannot be divided into smaller
particles. They also cannot be created or destroyed.
 All atoms of the same element are alike and have the same
mass. Atoms of different elements are different and have
different masses.
 Atoms join together to form compounds. A given compound
always consists of the same kinds of atoms in the same
ratio.
DISCOVERY BY THOMPSONS

 After the Daltons Theory, Thompson adds

electrons. They were discovered in 1897 by a British
physicist named J. J. Thomson.
 Thompsons vacuum tube experiment
Thompsons plum pudding
model
 Thomson knew that atoms are neutral in
electric charge. So how could atoms
contain negative particles? Thomson
thought that the rest of the atom must be
positive to cancel out the negative
charge. He said that an atom is like a
plum pudding, which has plums scattered
through it. That’s why Thomson’s model
of the atom is called the plum pudding
model
DISCOVERY BY RUTHERFORD

 A physicist from New Zealand named Ernest Rutherford

made the next major discovery about atoms. He
discovered the nucleus.
 GOLD FOIL EXPERIMENT
RUTHERFORDS ATOMIC MODEL

 Rutherford’s discoveries meant that

Thomson’s plum pudding model was incorrect.
Positive charge is not spread out everywhere
in an atom. It is all concentrated in the tiny
nucleus. The rest of the atom is empty space,
except for the electrons moving randomly
through it. In Rutherford’s model, electrons
move around the nucleus in random orbits. He
compared them to planets orbiting a star.
That’s why Rutherford’s model is called the
planetary model.
DISCOVERY BY CHADWICK

JAMES CHADWICK, discovered the neutron using evidence collected by Irene

Joliot-Curie, who discovered that when beryllium was bombarded with
positively charged alpha particles a beam with a high penetrating power
was created. James Chadwick discovered that this beam was not deflected
by either electric or magnetic fields, meaning it contained neutral
particles- neutrons. The common understanding of an atom was now a
nucleus containing positively charged protons and neutral neutrons
(making up nearly all of the atom's mass) with the rest of the atom being
space in which negatively charged electrons
 BOHR MODEL OF ATOM

 Niels Bohr proposed the Bohr Model of the Atom in 1915. Because the Bohr Model is
a modification of the earlier Rutherford Model, some people call Bohr's Model the
Rutherford-Bohr Mod The Bohr Model contains some errors, but it is important
because it describes most of the accepted features of atomic theory without all of
the high-level math of the modern version. The Bohr Model is a planetary model in
which the negatively-charged electrons orbit a small, positively-charged nucleus
similar to the planets orbiting the Sun (except that the orbits are not planar).
SOME IMPORTANT POINTS OF THIS MODEL
 Electrons orbit the nucleus in orbits that have a set size and energy.
 The energy of the orbit is related to its size. The lowest energy is found in the
smallest orbit.
 Radiation is absorbed or emitted when an electron moves from one orbit to
another.
MCQ’S
1) Electrons was discovered by :-
 James Chadwick
 J.J Thompson
 Rutherford
 Neil Bohr
 Ans- B)J.J
THOMPSON
2)The mass of an atom is determined by :-
 Neutrons
 Protons
 Electrons
 Protons and neutrons
Ans –D) protons
and neutrons
3)The protons are heavier than the electrons by
 1000 times
 1850 times
 1840 times
 10 times
Ans – C) 1840
4) The gold foil experiment was performed by
 Rutherford
 Thompson
 Chadwick
 Bohr
 Ans-A)
RUTHERFORD
5)Dalton basically determined the :-
 Neutrons
 Electrons
 Protons
 Nucleus
Ans – D) NUCLEUS
THANKYOU