Oc Relay Ion

1
O/C E/F Relay & Time Coordination

Basic Information
O/C E/F Relay &

Time Coordination
Basic
Information
2
General Circuit Diagram
200/1 Amp
150 Amp
P1 P2
150 Amp
150 Amp
C71
S2
R Ph O/C (51R)
0.75 Amp S1 C11
E/F (51N)
0.75 Amp S1 C31
0.0 Amp
B Ph O/C (51B)
0.75 Amp S1 C51
3
O/C E/F Relay & Time Coordination 1S1R
A11
1S2R
R Ph CT
Core-3 Core-2 Core-1
Yard MB Wiring 1S3R
1S1Y
A31
1S2Y
1S3Y
A51
1S1B
1S2B
A71
1S3B
2S1R
C11
2S2R
Y Ph CT 2S3R
2S1Y
C31
2S2Y
2S3Y
C51
2S1B
2S2B
C71
2S3B
D71
3S1R
B Ph CT 3S2R
3S3R
D11
3S1Y
3S2Y
3S3Y
D31
3S1B
3S2B
3S3B
D51
4
O/C E/F Relay & Time Coordination 1S1R
A11
1S2R
R Ph CT
Yard MB Wiring 1S3R
1S1Y
A31
1S2Y
1S3Y
A51
1S1B
1S2B
A71
1S3B
2S1R
C11
2S2R
Y Ph CT 2S3R
2S1Y
C31
2S2Y
2S3Y
C51
2S1B
2S2B
C71
2S3B
D71
3S1R
B Ph CT 3S2R
3S3R
D11
3S1Y
3S2Y
3S3Y
D31
3S1B
3S2B
3S3B
D51
5
Terminal Diagram of MiComP141
6
Single Line to Ground Fault
200/1 Amp
1500 Amp
P1 P2
C71
S2
R Ph O/C (51R)
7.5 Amp S1 C11
E/F (51N)
S1 C31
7.5 Amp
B Ph O/C (51B)
S1 C51
7
Electromagnetic Induction relays
50%
75%
100%
125%
150%
200%
Φ1 Φ2
8
Relay Operation Time - 1
E/F PSM 30% i.e. 0.3 Amp
E/F Relay Current 7.5 Amp
E/F Relay Current is 7.5/0.3 = 25 Times
its operating current
From Graph for 25 Times relay operating
current for TMS = 0.15 relay time of
operation would be @ 0.35 Sec
O/C PSM 100%

O/C Relay Current 7.5 Amp
It is 7.5 times relay operating current
From graph for 7.5 Times relay operating
current and for TMS = 0.1 time of
operation for the relay would be 0.35 Sec
( Zoom out Graph)

9
Actually our problem is to decide relay settings and not relay time of
operations as shown previously
Hence Unknowns are

Relay PSM
Relay TMS
Whereas known facts are

Relay placement and purpose of use
Relay current during fault ( i.e. CT secondary current during fault. )
Relay desired time of operation.
General Steps
1) Decide PSM
2) Find out fault current
3) Find out multiple of relay set current as per decided PSM in step-1
4) Find out time of operation for above multiple of current and TMS=1 using
relay characteristic curve
5) Decide relay time of operation as per protection needs
6) Find out TMS = Required Time of operation /Time of operation with TMS =1
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Basic Information – Selection of PSM
E/F PSM generally selected as 30% ( Other than 30% settings may also be selected but about this
discussed somewhere else in the presentation)
For O/C PSM is selection depends upon place and purpose of use for example –
1.Transformer O/C protection
a) Transformer HV or LV side O/C relay PSM settings should be in commensuration with transformer
full load current and respective CT ratio such that PSM = T/F Full load current / CT ratio ( Generally
expressed in %)
b) For example for a 25 MVA transformer HV side full load current is 109 A if HV CT ratio is 200/1 Amp
then PSM =109/200 ≈ 55% ( exact value 54.5%)
c) For old type numerical relay it was not possible to go as near as possible to value calculated from
above formula due to large steps available
d) Under such condition it is decision as per local condition to select higher or lower nearest PSM
e) In above example it is customary to select 50%, however due to this selection there is apparent
loss of about 10% capacity of the T/F
f) It is also possible to select 75% but load on transformer is to be monitored carefully ( and manually
)
2.For 220-132 kV feeder
Here generally it is customary to select relay PSM as per-
a) Line conductor allowable loading limit
b) CT primary normal current
c) Substations capacity/normal load feed by the line
d) Considering above facts it is very common to select 100% PSM for 132kV lines with CT ratio 400/1
Amp
e) For 220kV lines with CT ratio 800/1 amp and conductor 0.4 ACSR or 0.525 AAAC it is 100%
a)For 33-11kV feeder
a) As per local feeder condition, load pattern and needs ranging between 50% to 100%
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Desired time of operation will depend upon

a) Equipment being protected
b) Time discrimination from down stream protection (150 ms – 250 ms)
c) Time of operation of main protection etc.
• For transformer LV side protection it is common to adopt 250 ms as

operating time.
• This is so as to have 150 ms time discrimination from 100 ms relay
time of operation for lower (feeder) protection.
• When relays are used as backup protection of 132kV lines it’s time
of operation shall be equal to Z-2 time of operation (300 – 350 ms).
• Once these two things decided there remains only mathematical
part
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Worked out Example
132 kV 33 kV
400/1 A
25 MVA
400/1 A
33kV Bus fault level

1Ph 170 MVA , 3Ph 210 MVA
Relay current during fault
1Ph 7.43 Amp, 3 Ph 9.18 Amp
Relay PSM
E/F 30%, O/C 100 %
Multiple of relay current
E/F 25, O/C 9.
Time of operation with TMS = 1
E/F 2.2 s, O/C 3.0 Sec
Desired time of operation
E/F 250 ms, O/C 250 ms
TMS
E/F 0.114, O/C 0.083
Roundup to
E/F 0.125, O/C 0.1
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More Information
O/C E/F Relay &

Time Coordination
More
Information
14
Introduction
• Fuse wire is simplest protection

• Fusing ampere of copper wire of diameter ‘d’
expressed in ‘Cm’ is given by the formula A =
2530*d3/2
• Time taken by fuse to blow off depends up on
fusing amperes
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Introduction
SWG D in mm D in Inch Amp Fusing
Amp
Fusing Amp
by Formula • For a wire of length L carrying current I
and diameter d heat produced is
40 0.122 0.0048 1.5 3 3.41 • H = I2R
39 0.132 0.0052 2.5 4 3.84 • H = I2σ (L/A)
38 0.152 0.006 3 5 4.74 • H = I2σ ( L/(πd2/4))
37 0.173 0.0681 3.5 6 5.76 • Heat dissipated = K’ (πd)L ( i.e.
36 0.193 0.0076 4.5 7 6.78 proportional to surface area where K’
35 0.213 0.0084 5 8 7.86 is constant of proportionality)
34 0.234 0.00921 5.5 9 9.06 • Temperature will be steady state if
33 0.254 0.01 6 10 10.24 heat generated is equal heat
32 0.274 0.0108 7 11 11.47 dissipated or
31 0.29464 0.0116 8 12 12.80 • I2σ ( L/(πd2/4)) = K’ (πd)L
30 0.315 0.0124 8.5 13 14.14 • I2σ ( 1/(d2/4)) = K’ d
29 0.345 0.0136 10 16 16.21 • I2 = K’’ d3
28 0.376 0.0148 12 18 18.45 • I = K d 3/2
27 0.416 0.0164 13 23 21.47 • And by experiments for normal
26 0.457 0.018 14 27 24.72 ambient temperature value of K for
25 0.508 0.02 15 30 28.97 copper is determined as 2530 for d
24 0.559 0.022 17 33 33.44 expressed in Cm.
23 0.61 0.024 20 38 38.12 More
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Protection of transformer by a fuse
For T/F with normal load of 100 Amp
Fuse Transformer
Safe
Safe
Operatio
Fusing Operation
Current Current n Time
Time Time With
as per
FOS 2.5
IEEE
200 10000 200 1800 720
430 5 300 300 120
1200 0.4 475 60 24 Protection of transformer by fuse wire
1800 0.2 630 30 12 10000
2800 0.1 1130 10 4
2500 2 0.8 1000
100
10 Fuse
Trafo
1
0.1
0.01
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
17
Simplest Protection – Fuse
• These
characteristic
graphs are
generally double
log graph
• This is due to
including from very
small to very large
values on both axis
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Simplest Protection - Fuse
• Log scale graph are

use full tool where
range of values varies
very widely
• This variation in range
is generally 10,000
times
• It does not affect
overall accuracy of
selecting proper value
manually
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• General mathematical formula for time

characteristic of the relay as per IEC
Standards
K
Time Of Operation = ---------------------
( ( Is/Ib) α - 1 )
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• General mathematical formula for time

characteristic of the relay shown on
previous slide, with parameter values for
different curves are shown here
Characteristic α K
Normal Inverse 0.02 0.14
Very Inverse 1 13.5
Extremely Inverse 2 80
Long Time Inverse 1 120
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Use of log scale-1
22
Use of Log Scale-2
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Use of Log Scale-3
24
Use of Log Scale-4
25
Transformer – Protection – Damage Curve
• Damages to the equipment due
to fault current flowing through it
are mainly due to heating effect
of the current ( I2Rt)
• Hence fuse time characteristic
initially suited very well to the
equipments in the power system
• This figure shows protection of
transformer with the help of relay
and breaker
• This also indicates how inverse
characteristic of O/C Relay is
suitable to protection of power
system equipments
• ( More about Transformer
Damage Curves)
• ( More about this figure )
26
Transformer – Protection – Damage Curve
• Transformer damage curve as per
IEEE 57.109 for class – III
transformers ( 5 MVA to 30 MVA )
27
Protection of Transformer by O/C Relay
Long Time
Inverse
Trafo Damage
Curve
Extremely Inverse
Normal Inverse
28
End of More Information
After understanding basics of relay

characteristic curves and its selection
according to protection needs we will
turn to allied information about O/C E//F
relaying
This allied information will prove helpful
in overall understanding about
development of protective relays and its
use in power system
29
Basic Information
O/C E/F Relay &

Time Coordination
Allied
Information
30
Disadvantages of fuses
• Though simple less accurate ( If Rewirable)

– Because of previous heating effect
– Ambient Temperature
– In consistencies in material
– Limitations for breaking capacities hence suitable for LV and to
some extent MV
• HRC Fuses
– More accurate
– Higher rupturing capacities
– Requires time for replacement
– Suitable for LV and to some extent MV
31
Early Development of Protective Schemes
• This simple device (Fuse) played a very

vital role during early development of
power systems
• As the complexity of power system
increased other technique get introduced
like breaker, relay DC battery etc. (How?)
32
Early development of power system
• History of power system protection dates back nearly to the start of development of power system
it self
• In real sense power system started growing due to invention of incandescent lamp by Edison
during 1880
• Edison was promoter of DC power system ( Why ? )
• General Electric founded by him was main supplier of electricity in Newyork.
• Washington first introduced AC system with the advancement in transformer during 1887
• During 1890 charls introduced symmetrical component analysis which helped in analyzing 3 ph.
Power system and there by possible to design larger machines and power systems.
• Modern day power system came into existence from 1890
• One of the patent of fuse is in the name of Edison
• Development of relays breakers and instrument transformers took place during 1890 to 1920 and
modern day protection system came into existence.
• And during last century development of power system continuous to be there however main
principles of power system protection are 3S and 1R remained same.
• Development of relays breakers and instrument transformers took place during 1890 to 1920 and
modern day protection system came into existence.
• And during last century development of power system
continuous to be there however main principles of power
system protection are 3S and 1R remained same.
33
General Requirements of Protective Scheme
• For any protective device following Functional

Characteristic are important.
– Sensitive
– Selectivity
– Speed
– Reliability
• ( Note:- 3 S & 1 R )
• As a improvement over simple fuses (in above
areas) other protective devices get developed
with the advancement of power system
34
3S & 1R
• Sensitivity is that property of protection system which enables it to

distinguish between fault and no fault condition very correctly.
• As if we say that some animals are more sensitive than humans to
natural disasters like earthquake.
• Where as selectivity is that property of the power system which
enables it to isolate only the faulty part from healthy part.
• In this sense differential protection is most selective protection
• Once the fault detected by SENSITIVE system and area to be
disconnected detected by SELECTIVE system then there comes the
SPEED.
• This faulty section should be get cleared as early as possible.
• For EHV system Faults are once in blue moon. Hence this all above
said things should happen RELIABELY even after 5-10 years from
design and commissioning of the protection system.
35
Changing Trend In Protective Relaying
• Protection relay is a tool for
protection engineer
• During last 30 years relay
operating principles changed
very drastically
– Electromagnetic Relays
– Static Relays
– Digital Relays
– Numerical Relays
• Though it is not required to
design a relay or repair a relay
at site it is customary to have
some working knowledge of
these relays for better
understanding and use of it
36
Electromagnetic Induction relays
37
Static Relays
38
Digital Relay
39
Numerical Relay
Functions Available in Numerical O/C Relay
40
Introduction
A B C
R3 R2 R1
500 ms 350 ms 110 ms
1) Consider a representative part of a power system as shown above.

2) It is being protected by over current relay
3) Typical expected time of operation for over current relays are as shown
4) In next couple of hour we will see
a) What is mean by relay characteristics curve
b) How relay characteristic curve suites our protection needs
c) How it helps us in deciding relay time of operation
d) Workout relay settings so that they shall
operate at expected time
e) Methodology being adopted for selective tripping by over current
relay including directional relay
41
Introduction
A B C
S
R3 R2 R1
40 sec. 25 sec. 10 sec.
A B C
S
R3 R2 R1
180 ms 220 ms 200 ms
S
R3 R2 R1
500 ms 350 ms 110 ms

42
Study of Time Co-ordination and its role in design of protection scheme.
• Over Current and Earth Fault Protection is

used for
– Protecting a equipment
– Selective tripping of faulty section of the
power system
– Backing up the main protection
43
Role of Over Current Relay in Protecting the Equipment
• It is obvious that over current protective system should

act and interrupt the fault current before to damage of
equipment due to fault current through it.
• Power system equipments include Line, Isolator, CT,
Breaker, Transformer
• Obviously Transformer is most costliest and delicate (for
fault currents) equipment first we will consider its
damage curve and decide parameters of protection
system so that it should act fast enough to protect the
transformer
• This can be ascertained with the help of Damage Curve
of the transformer and time-current curve of the
protective system
44
Role of Over Current Protection in Selective Tripping
• It is obvious that only that part of the power system

should get disconnected where the fault exists
• Hence proper time co-ordination should be there so as to
let the down stream protection should act fast enough
and up-stream protection should give sufficient time for
down stream protection to act
• Otherwise un-necessary larger area get affected
45
Backup Protection
• When ever main protection fails to separate the

faulty section backup protection take up this role
• As such there is inherent time delay in operation
of backup protection
• This backup protection can be employed in main
protection itself as additional function, but
invariably it is employed as a separate relay to
ensure it’s operation even if failure of
quantities/links which are common to both
functions such as-
– DC Source
– PT supply
– Relay hardware
– Main CTs
46
Back up protection
• EHV line faults are of sever nature from

power system security and stability point
of view. Hence must be cleared
instantaneously
• For this purpose distance relays which
operates instantaneously (Z1) are
employed for protection of EHV lines
• For protection of EHV transformers
differential and REF relays are employed
which are also instantaneous
47
Backup Relay Time Coordination
X Y M
E
Z
A C

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1

O/C E/F Relay & Time Coordination

O/C E/F Relay &

O/C PSM 100%

( Zoom out Graph)

Hence Unknowns are

Whereas known facts are

Desired time of operation will depend upon

• For transformer LV side protection it is common to adopt 250 ms as

33kV Bus fault level

O/C E/F Relay &

• Fuse wire is simplest protection

• Log scale graph are

• General mathematical formula for time

• General mathematical formula for time

After understanding basics of relay

O/C E/F Relay &

• Though simple less accurate ( If Rewirable)

• This simple device (Fuse) played a very

• For any protective device following Functional

• Sensitivity is that property of protection system which enables it to

500 ms 350 ms 110 ms

1) Consider a representative part of a power system as shown above.

40 sec. 25 sec. 10 sec.

180 ms 220 ms 200 ms

500 ms 350 ms 110 ms

• Over Current and Earth Fault Protection is

• It is obvious that over current protective system should

• It is obvious that only that part of the power system

• When ever main protection fails to separate the

• EHV line faults are of sever nature from

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