B.

Wastewater treatment and

disposal for building and premises

Method of sewage treatment and disposal,

design and construction of septic tank, privy,
cesspool, seepage
Wastewater treatment and disposal for building and premises
Public Sewers – common sewer directly controlled by
public authority
Wastewater treatment and disposal for building and premises
Classification of Public Sewers
 Combination Public Sewer
 Separate Public Sewer
Wastewater treatment and disposal for building and premises
Classification of Public Sewers
 Combination Public Sewer
Wastewater treatment and disposal for building and premises
Classification of Public Sewers
 Separate Public Sewer
Wastewater treatment and disposal for building and premises
Two Kinds of Sanitary Sewers
 Intercepting or Trunk-line Sewer
 Tributary or Contributing Sewer
Wastewater treatment and disposal for building and premises
Two Kinds of Sanitary Sewers
 Intercepting or Trunk-line Sewer
 Tributary or Contributing Sewer
Wastewater treatment and disposal for building and premises
Storm Sewers
Manholes
NPCP Chapter 2
SEWERAGE, SEWERAGE WORKS - a comprehensive
term (construction, collection, transportation, pumping
treatment and final disposition of sewage)
SEWAGE - the liquid wastes conducted away buildings,
and with such ground surface, and storm water as may
be present/any wastewater containing animal or
vegetable matter in suspension and solution and may
include liquids containing chemicals in solution
SEWER - a pipe or conduit for carrying sewage and
waste liquids
NPCP Chapter 2
MAIN SEWER - (Public Sewer)
PUBLIC SEWER - a common sewer controlled by public authority

DOMESTIC SEWAGE (SANITARY SEWAGE) - liquid/water-

borne wastes free from industrial wastes
SANITARY SEWAGE - human excrement/liquid household
waste (DOMESTIC SEWAGE)
SANITARY SEWER - with or without industrial wastes/ without
and admixture of storm water or ground water
NPCP Chapter 2
DRAIN - a sewer, pipe or conduit (conveying ground water, surface
water, storm water, wastewater or sewage
DRAINAGE SYSTEM - the drainage pipe of a plumbing system
take the waste water from the plumbing fixtures and deliver it to
the sewer
INDUSTRIAL WASTE - free from fecal matter
LIQUID WASTE - does not receive fecal matter
WASTE - (LIQUID WASTE/INDUSTRIAL WASTE)
WATER TREATMENT - conditions/treats water supply to
improve water quality, remove suspended solids by filtration
NPCP Chapter 2
PRIMARY BRANCH - a primary branch of a building drain is the
single sloping drain from the base of a stack to its junction with
main building drain or with another branch
SECONDARY BRANCH - any branch in a building drain other
than that of the primary branch
LATERAL - secondary pipeline
MANHOLE - an opening of sufficient size for a man to gain
access thereto
The household drain may flow straight into a public sewer. If a
blockage occurs anywhere in this private drain, you have sole
responsibility for cleaning any blockages or carrying out any repairs.
Most properties have some length of private drain.
Drains from two properties may join together and form a private
sewer, and then run some distance before connecting with the public
sewer. If a blockage or defect occurs at point X in the private sewer
system the owners of the two properties would be responsible for
rectifying the problem.
This shows how all the drains from a block of houses may link up before running into a
public sewer. In some cases, the drains from an entire estate may join a private sewer
system before linking up with the public system, and this could be some considerable
distance.
Present legislation dictates that the owners or occupiers of homes above the point of
the blockage or defect - whichever properties effluent flows through that point - are
responsible. Therefore a blockage at point Y would only involve properties four, five and
six. A blockage at point Z would involve all six properties.
Manholes shall be installed at the end of
each line; at all changes in grade, size, or
alignment; at all intersections; and at
distances not greater than 120 meters for
sewers 380 mm in diameter or less and
150 meters for sewers 460 to 760 mm in
diameter. Greater spacing may be
permitted in larger sewers.
(e) The minimum diameter of manholes
shall be 900 mm; larger diameters are
preferable for large diameter sewers. A
minimum access diameter of 560 mm
shall be provided.
Waste Water Treatment
Waste Water is defined as water which carries wastes from
homes, industries, businesses or any other sources; a
mixture of water and dissolved or suspended solids.
Treatment is necessary because in the reduction of physical,
physiological, radioactive, biological and chemical pollutants.
Types of Waste Water Treatment Plants
Depending on the nature of the Waste Water to be treated,
Waste Water can be classified as:
1. Sewage Treatment Plants
2. Sludge Treatment Plant
3. Industrial Waste Water Treatment
4. Agricultural Waste Water Treatment Plant
5. Radioactive Waste Water Treatment Plant
6. Recycling Waste Water Treatment Plant
Wastewater Treatment
Activated Sludge Process:
Removing carbonaceous pollution
Arrangement
 Aeration tank: air (or oxygen) is
injected in the mixed liquor
 Settling tank ("final clarifier" or
"secondary settling tank"): allow the
biological flocs (the sludge blanket) to
settle, thus separating the biological
sludge from the clear treated water
 Treatment of nitrogenous matter or
phosphate involves additional steps;
mixed liquor is left in anoxic condition
(no residual dissolved oxygen)
Wastewater Treatment
Activated Sludge Process:
1. Coarse Screen House
2. Grit Chamber
3. Fine Screen House
4. Mixing Tank or Activated Sludge Tank
5. Aerating Tanks
6. Clarifier Tanks
7. Chemical House
8. Filter House
9. Drier House
10. Warehouse
Preliminary treatment: first step in the treatment process; to remove materials
that are untreatable and separated by physical means. Screenings and grit
removal separate the sand and other inorganic material harmful to the pumps
and other equipment
Primary Treatment: simplest form of wastewater treatment ; involves filtration
and settling ; 45-50% of pollutants can be removed utilizing primary
techniques.
Sedimentation: process where solids and liquids are separated by gravitational
forces. The thickened solids or sludge settle to the bottom of the clarifier
Secondary Treatment mainly involves biological process (removes 85-90% of
remaining pollutants); common types of secondary treatment are Trickling Filters
and Activated Sludge - create conditions favorable to the growth and reproduction
of helpful microorganisms which consume most of the waste material. The
microorganisms then settle out of the treated water in the secondary settling tank
or clarifier.
Disinfection: final process/step (discharge or release of treated water); ensures
that any disease causing or pathogenic microorganisms are killed and that the
water released into the waterway is safe to the environment and humans
Advanced or Tertiary Treatment : processes that remove any small amounts of
undesirable materials remaining in the treated water. (include filtration,
distillation or flocculation to remove suspended particles, organic material and
specific chemicals (nitrates, phosphates, heavy metals); The level of treatment
required prior to discharge to the receiving stream depends on the quality of the
body of water and the types of reuse designated for the treated water.
Wastewater Treatment
Wastewater Treatment
1. Comminutor or Sewage Cutter 2. Primary Clarifier 3. Aeration Tanks
4.Secondary Clarifier 5. Digester Tank 6. Sludge Drying House and Bed
PRIVATE SEWAGE DISPOSAL
1. Cesspool
2. Privy
3. Septic Tank
Classes of Sewage Systems - Definitions
Class 1- a chemical toilet, an incinerating toilet, a recirculating
toilet, a self-contained portable toilet and all forms of privy
Class 2- grey water system
Class 3- a cesspool
Class 4- a leaching bed system including sewage systems
utilizing treatment units
Class 5- a system which requires or uses a holding tank for the
retention hauled sewage at the site where it is produced prior to
its collection by hauled sewage system
Classes of Sewage Systems - Definitions
Class 1- a chemical toilet, an
incinerating toilet, a recirculating
toilet, a self-contained portable
toilet and all forms of privy
Classes of Sewage Systems - Definitions
Class 2- grey water system
Classes of Sewage Systems - Definitions
Class 3- a cesspool
Classes of Sewage Systems - Definitions
Class 4- a leaching bed system
including sewage systems
utilizing treatment units
Classes of Sewage Systems - Definitions
Class 5- a system which requires or uses a holding tank for the
retention hauled sewage at the site where it is produced prior to
its collection by hauled sewage system
 Clear Distances
Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4
Type of System Well with a water- Other well, or a Lake, river, pond,
tight casing to a spring used as a stream, reservoir,
depth of at least 6 potable water or a spring not
metres supply used as a potable
water supply

Class 1
Pit Privy 15 metres 30 metres 15 metres
Privy Vault) 10 metres 15 metres 10 metres
Pail Privy )

Class 2 10 metres 15 metres 15 metres

Leaching Pit
NPCP Chapter 2
CESSPOOL - a pit for the reception or detention of sewage/non-
watertight lined excavation; permitting liquid to seep through the
bottom and sides of the cesspool
LEACHING CESSPOOL - a cesspool that is not watertight
PRIVY - outhouse or structure used for the deposition of
excrement
PRIVY VAULT - a pit beneath a privy in which excrement collects
NPCP Chapter 2
PRIVATE SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM - effluent discharging
into a subsurface disposal field and seepage pit
PRIVATE SEWER - privately owned/not directly controlled by the
public authority
SEEPAGE PIT - loosely lined excavation in the ground, receives
discharge of septic tank; seep through pit bottom and sides
SEPTIC TANK - water-tight receptacle; separate solids from the
liquid, digest organic matter, allow effluent to discharge to a
storm drain, directly to ground outside the tank through open
joint or perforated piping
Disposal Field Trench
Cesspool
Privy
Septic Tank
STP
Sump Pump
Sewage Treatment Plant (STP)
 now being used for large developments in lieu of septic tanks or
municipal sewages
 perform the same general function of septic tanks in
decomposing sewage
 However, STPs make use of mechanical equipment and usually
consist of 1 large basin.
Some typical features of an STP:
An aeration system within the tank;
A submersible mixer to mix the waste;
A sludge waste pump that aids in clarifying;
A decanter;
Blowers;
A fully electronic control system, etc.
Some typical features of an STP:
 Wastewater from the building enters the
Screen box (1). Here coarse air bubbles are
used to physically break down solid matter in
the sewage and form a mixed liquor with the
water prior to treatment.

 The mixed sewage liquor flows into the

Aeration Chamber for treatment (2). A
bacterial culture is present in the Aeration
Chamber which digests the pollutants in the
wastewater. The bacterial culture must have
a constant oxygen supply and this is
provided by a fine bubble diffuser at the base
of the tank.

 The mixed sewage liquor then flows into the

Clarification Chamber(3) where it is able to
separate into clear, treated effluent and
sludge. The clear effluent is able to flow past
the scum baffle and out of the tank.
Some typical features of an STP:
 The blower is on a plug-in
timer and runs 30 minutes
on and 15 minutes off,
saving a lot of electricity for
the treatment process. It
also allows the blower to
cool down.
 Some typical features of an STP:
The Sludge Management System
(SMS)
 In the Clarification Chamber
sewage sludge accumulates at the
bottom (settled sludge) and top
(floating sludge) of the tank (1).
 Air from the blower is spurred from
the air regulator valves (2) to two
sludge return pipes.
 This creates a vacuüm that sucks
the sewage sludge from the bottom
of the Clarification Chamber back to
the Aeration Chamber
constantly (3).
 The valve that removes the floating
sludge must be opened once a
month for this sludge to be returned.
With all other ASP sewage
treatment plants, this sludge has to
be removed manually.
Some STPs consist of several chambers:
Primary, Aeration, Settling, and Disinfection
Most Common Types of Municipal Sewage Treatment

a. The Activated Sludge Process

 Involves a series of stations where the raw sewage must
pass through
 First Phase- gets rid of heavy materials with the use of three
different filter houses
 Second Phase- clarifies the effluent
 Third Phase- hardens the sludge and converts it to
fertilizers
 Produces water with 99-99.5% purity
Raw sewage inlet
1. Grit Chamber 2. Coarse screen house

4. Incinerator

3. Fine screen house

5. Activated sludge tank

6. Aerating
8. Power House 7. Clarifier outlet
basin

10. Liquid
11. Chemical
9. Drier house extractor
house
house

13. Vacuum

12.Warehouse power

house
b. The Trickling Filter
Process
 a.k.a ‘Percolating or
Sprinkling Filter
System’
 Requires less
mechanical elements
and less stages
 Produces water with
95% purity
 Requires a large
ground area for its
building
c. Combination
Activated Sludge
and Trickling Filter
System
 makes use of
several chambers
plus a trickling
filter tank