Diesel Engines

Type of internal combustion engine, were

combustion of fuel takes place inside the
cylinder.
German engineer Rudolf Diesel invented the
Diesel Engine in 1890. Engines at that time
uses powdered coal as a fuel. By 1897 Diesel
had built a compression ignition engine
which runs on kerosene
Diesel Engine Classifications.
• Speed.
• Arrangement of Piston.
• Number of Stroke.
• Valve Arrangement.
• Fuel oil used.
• Combustion cycle Ignition Method.
• Operating Cycle.
• Cylinder arrangement.
 Four Stroke Diesel Engine
Takes four stroke of the piston to complete
one working cycle of operation.
It takes two revolution of crankshaft to
complete the cycle.
The cam shaft is driven at half speed of
the crank shaft.
 Cycle of Operation
 Intake Stroke.
 Compression Stroke.
 Power Stroke.
 Exhaust Stroke.
Two – Stroke Diesel Engine

 It takes two stroke of piston to complete

one working cycle.
 The camshaft is driven at the same
speed as the crankshaft.
 Every downward stroke of the piston is
power stroke.
 Every upward stroke of the piston is a
compression stroke.
 PV Diagram

Positive work Negative work

Work Area
done by gas, done.
Burning &
Expansion Compression
period of air.
 Mean Effective Pressure
• Ai = Area of Indicator Diagram.
• Li = Length of Indicator Diagram.
• Pm = mean effective pressure (N / m2).
• Mean height of diagram = Ai x Li
 Conversion Table
 1 Atmosphere = 1.10325 Bars
1.03323 Kg / cm2
760 mm Hg
10.33 meter H20
101.325 kPa
 Indicated Power
 Pm = mean effective pressure (N/ m2)
 A = area of piston (m2)
 L = length of stroke (m)
 n = number of power strokes per sec.

 Indicated Power = PmLAN

The area of an indicator diagram taken of one cylinder,
four stroke, single acting internal combustion engine is
378 mm2, the length is 70 mm, and the indicator spring
scale is 1 mm = 1 bar. The diameter of the cylinder is 250
mm, stroke 300 mm, and the rotational speed 5 rev/s.
Calculate the indicated power of the engine assuming all
cylinder develop equal power.

Mean height of diagram = area ÷ length

= 378 ÷ 70 = 5.4 mm
Indicated Pm = mean height x spring scale
= 5.4 x 1 = 5.4 Bar.
5.4 x 10 2 = 540 kN / m 2
n = rev/ s ÷ 2
= 5 ÷ 2 = 2.5
Indicated power = PmALn
= 540 x 0.7854 x (0.25) 2 x 0.3 x 2.5
= 19.87 kW per cylinder.
Total power for four cylinders
= 4 x 19.87 = 79.48 kW.
 Sample Problem
The diameter of the cylinders of a six
cylinder, single acting two stroke engine, is
635 mm and the stroke is 1010 mm.
Indicator diagrams taken the engine when
running at 132 rev / min give an average
area of 563 mm, the length of the diagram
being 80 mm and the scale of the indicator
spring 1 mm = 80 kN / m2. Calculate the
indicated power.
Solution
 Indicated mean effective pressure
= mean height of diagram x spring scale

area of diagram
= x spring scale.
Length of diagram

563
= x 80 = 563 k N / m2
80
 For a single acting 2 stroke

132
N = rev/s = = 2.2
60
For a six cylinder engine,

Indicater power = PmLAn x 6

= 563 x 0.7854 x (0.635) 2 x 1.01 x 2.2 x 6
= 2378 kW
 Brake Power and
Mechanical Efficiency
 Indicated power – power develop
inside the cylinders.
 Frictional power – power absorbed
in overcoming friction.
 Shaft power – power available at the
shaft this is measured by means of a
brake called brake power
Mechanical Efficiency

Is the ratio of the brake power to the

indicated power.

Brake power
Mechanical efficiency =
Indicated power
 Cross Scavenging
 Advantages  Disadvantages
 Simple  Short circuit
 Less  Lower efficiency
Maintenance  Less Bmep
 Low cost
 Loop Scavenge
 Advantages  Disadvantages
 Higher Efficiency.
 Piston/ Liner distortion
due to high
 Simple. temperature gradient
 Less Maintenance. from exhaust to
scavenge ports.
 Reliable.
 Crankcase/under piston
 Simple cylinder. space more dirty.
 Exhaust port
carbonization
excessive.
 Uneven wear of piston
rings.
 Uniflow Scavenge
 Advantages  Disadvantages
 No short circulating.  More complex.
 No overmixing.  Higher cost.
 Very high efficiency.  More Maintenance.
 Turbocharger
 supercharger using gas: a specialized
turbine driven by the exhaust gases of
an engine that supplies air under
pressure to the engine for combustion.
Also called
turbosuperchargerMicrosoft®
Encarta® Reference Library 2003.
© 1993-2002 Microsoft
Corporation. All rights reserved.
 Types of Turbocharging
 Pulse system. – using exhaust gas energy in
the form of exhaust pulses in narrow and
subdivided exhaust duct is more attractive at
low charging pressure. The system can adopt
itself to any load on the engine. It needs no
control for quick load fluctuation (ex. change
in electrical load or change in propeller
pitch. ) hence is a fully automatic system
 Constant Pressure system.- turbo
supercharging is more suitable for high output
engines with high charge pressure.
Press me to play
Main Engine Turbo Charger.lnk