Charles Robert Darwin Theory

 The theory of evolution by natural selection,

first formulated in Darwin's book "On the
Origin of Species" in 1859, is the process by
which organisms change over time as a result
of changes in heritable physical or behavioral
traits. Changes that allow an organism to better
adapt to its environment will help it survive
and have more offspring. Darwinism is a
theory of Biological Evolution
  Jean Baptiste Lamarck Theory
 In 1809 he published Philosophie
Zoologique, in which he described a two
part mechanism by which change was
gradually introduced into the species and
passed down through generations. His
theory is alternatively referred to as the
theory of transformation or simply
Lamarckism. Though today Lamarck's
work is considered a major step forward,
in his lifetime he did not receive much
recognition.
 The theory of evolution is based on the idea
that all species are related and gradually
change over time.
 Evolution relies on there being genetic
variation? in a population which affects the
physical characteristics (phenotype) of an
organism.
 Some of these characteristics may give the
individual an advantage over other individuals
which they can then pass on to their offspring.
• Anatomy
Species may share similar
physical features because
the feature was present in
a common ancestor
(homologous structures).
When two or more
organs or structures are
basically similar to each
other in construction but
are modified to perform
different functions, they
are said to be serially
homologous.
• Molecular Biology • Although they're great for
establishing the common origins
Like structural homologies, of life, features like having DNA
similarities between biological or carrying out transcription
molecules can reflect shared and translation are not so useful
evolutionary ancestry. for figuring out how related
 The same genetic material (DNA) particular organisms are. We
 The same, or highly similar, genetic codes need to use different types of
 The same basic process of gene expression molecular features, such as the
(transcription and translation) nucleotide sequences of genes in
 The same molecular building blocks, such order for us to determine which
as amino acids.
organism in a group are most
 These shared features closely related
suggest that all living things
are descended from a
common ancestor, and that
this ancestor had DNA as its
genetic material, used the
genetic code, and expressed
its genes by transcription
and translation.
 Biogeography  For instance, there are
The geographic distribution of unique groups of plants
organisms on Earth follows and animals on northern
patterns that are best and southern continents
explained by evolution, in that can be traced to the
combination with the split of Pangaea into two
movement of tectonic plates supercontinents (Laurasia
over geological time. For in the north, Gondwana in
example, broad groupings of the south).
organisms that had already
evolved before the breakup
of the supercontinent
Pangaea
(about 200 million years ago)
tend to be distributed
worldwide.
• Fossils
any preserved remains,
impression, or trace of any
once-living thing from a
past geological age.
Examples include bones,
shells, exoskeletons, stone
imprints of animals
or microbes. Fossils are
often contained in rocks that
build up in layers
called strata. The strata
provide a sort of timeline,
with layers near the top
being newer and layers near
the bottom being older.
scientists can roughly date
fossils using radiometric
dating, a process that
measures the radioactive
decay of certain elements.
The use of radiometric
dating was first published in
1907 by Bertram Boltwood
and is now the principal
source of information about
the absolute age of rocks and
other geological features,
including the age
of fossilized life forms or
the age of the Earth itself,
and can also be used to date
a wide range of natural
and man-made materials.