Muscle, muscle tissue

tendons

Dr. Anna L. Kiss

Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology
Semmelweis University
Budapest
2017
 General myology

Musculature: actíve component of the

movement

Structure: striated muscle (skeletal)

tendons: dense connective tissue
connective tissue sheath: fascia
(epimysium)
 Muscle tissue
• Smooth muscle

• Stiated muscle

• Cardiac muscle Function: contraction

Origin: mesoderm

Structure: cells or „fibers”

 Smooth muscle
• phylogenetically the most ancient
type
• spindle shaped cells
• slow, non-synchronized, unvoluntary
contraction
• actin and myosin are NOT arranged
in registers
• internal organs wall
 Smooth muscle

Nucleus: in the middle of the cells

 Smooth muscle

thick filaments: myosin

thin fialments: actin

dense bodies: to help the contraction

Contraction of smooth muscle
 Smooth muscle contraction
For the contraction: Ca ion: caveolae
Ca-binding protein: calmodulin
Contractile protein: actin+myosin
ATP
Striated(skeletal)
muscle
Striated muscle:
a.) skeletal
b.) visceral
c.) cardiac

Structure: muscle fibers: multinucleated giant cells

(syncitium: fusion of the embryonic myoblasts)

lenght: > 30cm

diameter: 10-100 µm
Skeletal muscle
Electron Microscopic picture

Sarcomere: functional unit

Structural unit of the striated
muscle: sarcomera
Muscle fibers

myofilaments: contractile
proteins: actin and myosin

regularly arranged

cross striation
Sarcomere during contraction
Skeletal muscle
 Contractile proteins
Thin filaments

Myosin head: actin binding

site + ATP binding

thick filaments
Sarcomere
 mysosine binding
mysosine head
site
 For the contraction of the skeletal muscle:

• contractile proteins: actin and myosin

• Ca2+ (stored in sER)
• impulse transfer from the sarcoplasm to sER-re (triads)
• ATP (directly from kreatin phosphate, 20 mmól/kg)

aerob (biological oxidation) anaerob

(fermentation)

glikogén
• mitochondria
• oxigen (myoglobin + haemoglobin)
Triád:
a.) voltage-gated Ca2+
channels:
T-tubules (transverse)
SR ciszterna

Ca 2+ outflow

b.) Ca 2+ -ATP-ase

Ca 2+ back to the SER

 Types of the skeletal muscle
„red” muscle „white” muscle
size small large fibers
diameter
contraction slow fast
color dark (red) light (white)
numorous few
numorous few
numorous few
fat in the cytoplasm numorous fewer
glycogen in the cytoplasm fewer larger amount
resistancy bigger smaller
Cardiac muscle

• cells (bifurcation; X or Y shaped

branching cells)
• cross striation: actin and myosin are in
register
• nucleus is in the middle of the cells
• intercalated disc (Eberth’s line –
junctions)
• lots of capillaries
• lipofuscin by aging
 Cardiac muscle

Intercalated disc:
•special junctions between cells
•fast impulse cinduction
Cardiac muscle
Fine structure of the cardiac muscle

• diad
• large amount of
mitochondria
 impulse
condacting
cells:
Purkinje cells

non-differentiated muscle
cells!!
proximal end:
origin

belly

tendon
distal end:
insertion
 Structure of the tendon

tendon sheath
a.) outer, fibrous
layer

b.) inner, synovial

layer

mesotendon
Muscle

•shape: spindle, triangular, quadrangular, flat

•venter (belly), caput (head), tendineous

intersection, aponeurosis,

•unipennatus, bipennatus,
spindle biceps unipennate bipennate