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RESISTIVITY
Resistivity Applications

 Determine whether hydrocarbons are

present.

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 Identify at what depths hydrocarbons
are present.
 Determine the quantity of hydrocarbon
material that exists (if porosity is
known) through Archie's equation.
 Determine mud resistivity to help
define the invasion profile.

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Resistance vs. Resistivity

 Resistance – property of an object – Cable

(will depend on quantity)
 Resistivity – property of a material –

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Copper

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Material Resistivities

Material Resistivity in ohm-m2/m

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Silver 1.59 x 10-8
-8
Bismuth - Tin 400 x 10
10
Dielectrics > 10
8
Marble 5 x 10
14
Quartz 3 x 10
14
Petroleum 2 x 10

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Measuring Resistivity
V - Voltage (Volts) R - Resistance
(Ohms)
I - Current (Amperes) A - Area (Square
Meters)

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L - Length (Meters) r - Resistivity
(Ohms Meters) Ohms Low : V=IR
L
Substitute R with r: R= r
A
R x L/A
r
Ohms Law with resistivity: V=r x
L/A x I

V Substitute : k = (A/L) r=
V/I x (A/L)

Resistivity: r = V/I x k
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Resistivity

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 Resistivity of the salt water
 Resistivity of the Oil
is low ( highly conductive )
is high
 ( Poor conductor )
Resistivity

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 Dry, nonmetallic minerals (rock matrix) have a very high
resistivity
Resistivity

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 The resistivity of a rock will depend on the
conductivity of the fluids saturating the porous
volume
Common formation
Resistivities

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Formation type Resistivity Range (ohm-m)
Soft Formations - shaley sands 0.2 to 50
Hard Formation - carbonates 100 to 1000
Evaporites - salt and anhydrite > 1000

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 Resistivity
Logs
 Measure the resistivity (conductivity) of the
formation

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 Two types available
 Induction logs: run in nonconductive or low-
conductivity muds
 Laterologs: run in highly conductive muds
(salt based)
Resistivity Tool Limitations

1000 Possible large errors all AIT logs

Possible large errors on shallow AIT logs

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Rt (ohmm)

100
Recommended AIT AIT
operating Range and/or
HRLA
10
HRLA

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000

Rt/Rm
(Low Rm or High Rt)
History

Normals (16”, 64”) (1930)

Laterals (18”)
Laterolog
1940
Induction (IES)

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1950
Dual Induction (DIT-B)
Dual Laterolog
1960
Spherically Focused Laterolog
Dual Induction (DIT-D)
1970
Dual Induction - Phasor (DIT-E)
Array Induction 1980
AIT-B
Platform Express (AIT-H) 1990

1995
AIT-H Features
 Five depth of investigation
 10, 20, 30, 60 and 90”
 Vertical resolutions
 1, 2 and 4ft

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 Real time borehole corrections
 Built in Rm Sensor
 Caliper input from PEX
 Real time data quality
Monitoring
 Invasion Profiling
 Model-based Rt and Rxo
measurements
 SP within the Rm Sensor
 Logging speed: 3600ft/hr
AIT-H Specifications

• Name: AIT-H
• Length: 16ft
• Diameter: 3 7/8”

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• Borehole size: 4 3/4” - 20”
• Single Frequency: 26.325 khz
• Compatibility: standalone or
Platform Express
• Bottom only tool
• Max Temp: 257 degF
• Max. pressure: 10,000 psi (15k
mod)
• Built - in SP sensor
• Built - in Rm sensor
• Other tools – Xtreme AIT / Slim
AIT
 Induction Theory

 Transmitter creates
Magnetic field
• This creates a ground

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loop
• The ground loop
current also creates a
magnetic field
• This field is picked up
by the receiver
 AITH Outputs

AHT
20

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AHT20

Tool type:
AITH 20” depth of
investigation

Two foot vertical resolution

O - One
F - Four

AHEXX=ECLP (environmentally computed resolution)

Picks up the best resolution possible.
Thin Bed
Analysis

 Four Foot curves: 4’

 AHF10, AHF20,

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AHF30, AHF60,
AHF90
 Two Foot curves:
 AHT10, AHT20, 2’
AHT30, AHT60,
AHT90
 One Foot curves:
 AHO10, AHO20,
AHO30, AHO60,
AHO90 1’
Rm Calibration

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12 in. min
diam
Plastic tank
 Master Calibration

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Winch
12 ft

4 ft
To be performed every 3 months or
20 jobs
Wellsite Calibrations
• Electronics Check
• Check master
calibrations for:

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– expired
– out of tolerance
– missing
 Known Response
Permeable Zone
Example: sand

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Impermeable
Zone

Example: shale
0.2 m 2000

Curve separation matches the expected

invasion profile
Laterolog

 Laterolog
Principle:

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 Measuring the
voltage difference
between two
electrodes is the
fundamental idea
behind laterolog
devices.
 Invasion
 Resistivity profile is
the radial distribution of
resistivity resulting from the
invasion of fluids having

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different conductivity than
the formation fluids .
Resistivity Profiles

 Depth of Investigation:
 Logging tools are

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designed to measure
resistivity at different depths
radially from the wellbore to
determine the resistivity of
the flushed zone and the
virgin zone.
Example Log With Resistivity
001) BONANZA 1
GRC ILDC RHOC DT
0 150 0.2 200 1.95 2.95 150 us/f 50
SPC SNC CNLLC
-160 MV 40 0.2 200 0.45 -0.15 ILDC
ACAL MLLCF
6 16 0.2 200 0.2 200
10700

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SNC
0.2 200

MLLCF
0.2 200
10800

10900
Resistivity
Log