INDUSTRIAL AND SYSTEMS ENGINEERING

• The principal activity engaged in by engineers that

distinguishes them from other professionals is that of
the design of systems.
• Industrial Engineers design industrial systems.

we define industrial to
include all types of
organizations, not just
manufacturing.

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• A system may be defined as a set of components
which are related by some form of interaction, and
which act together to achieve some objective or
purpose.

1. Components are simply the individual parts, or

elements, that collectively make up a system.
2. Relationships are the cause-effect dependencies
between components.
3. The objective or purpose of a system is the
desired state or outcome which the system is
attempting to achieve.

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 Consider the air-conditioning system at home.
Assume that the system uses a heat pump for both
heating and cooling, depending on the need.
The components of this system include the house
(walls, ceiling, floors, furniture, etc.), the heat pump,
the thermostat, the air within the system, and the
electricity that drives the system.
Heat pump is a device that transfers heat from a colder area to a
hotter area by using mechanical energy, as in a refrigerator.

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 The relationships between the system components are
as follows:
1. The air temperature depends on:
a) Heat transfer through the walls, ceiling, floor, and
windows of the house.
b) Heat input or output due to heat pump action.
2.The thermostat action depends on:
a) Air temperature
b) Thermostat setting
3. The heat pump status depends on:
a) Thermostat action
1) Air temperature
2) Thermostat setting
b) Availability of electricity.

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 Natural systems vs. Man-Made systems

exist as a result of owe their origin to

process occurring in the human activity.
natural world.

A bridge built to cross

A river is an example a river is an example

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Static systems vs. Dynamic systems

has structure but no

involves time-varying
asociated activity
behavior.

Ex. Bridges , Buildings,

Ex. USA economy.
Furniture, etc (ignoring
vibrations)

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Physical systems vs. Abstract systems
involves physically
existing components
Ex. A factory that
involves machines,
buildings, people, etc.
in which symbols
represent the system
components.
Ex. An architect’s
drawing of a factory
that consists of lines,
shading, and
dimensioning.
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Open systems vs. Closed systems

interacts with its operates with very

environment, allowing
little interchange with
materials (matter),
its environment
information, and energy
to cross its boundaries.

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 Closed and Open Systems
• A Closed System is totally independent of
other systems and subsystems

• An Open System is very dependent on its

environment (and/or other systems)

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Figure 2-6. A Typical Terrarium - A Closed System

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 OPEN SYSTEMS
• The open system accepts inputs from the
environment and may deliver outputs into the
environment, but there are no interactions during
the transformation process.

• Open systems exchange information, material, or

energy with the environment. Living systems are
the best examples of open systems. Most
organizations are open systems and readily adapt to
changes in their environment.

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 An open-loop system

Input System Output

Performance

• Not aware of its own performance

• Past action has no influence on future action
• Possesses no means to provide for its own control or
modification
• Output=f(input), but input ≠ f(output)

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Examples:

• Toaster- doesn’t know whether it burned the toast

• Watch-not self-correcting
• Auto without a driver

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A closed-loop system

Input System Output

Performance

Feedback

•Aware of and influenced by its own past performance

•Results of past action influences future action
•Senses its performances and automatically makes
adjustments
•Output=f(input), and input = f(output)
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Examples:
• Toaster and operator - adjust to desired darkness
• Watch and owner - adjust time to “standard”
• Auto with a driver

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• Feedback can be defined as the system function
that obtains data on system performance output,
compares the actual performance to the desired
performance (a standard or a criterion) and
determines the modifications (corrective action)
necessary prior to the next execution of system
performance.

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 ENVIRONMENT
(Customers, weather conditions, vendors, banks,
competitors, government)

PROCESSES
INPUT (S) OUTPUT (S)
Procedures
Programs
Tools
Activities
Decisions Boundary
Feedback

INPUTS : Raw materials, costs, resources

OUTPUTS : Performances, consequences, finished products,
services delivered

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INPUTS
• Inputs include those elements that enter the
system

EXAMPLES:
• Raw materials entering a chemical plant
• Patients admitted to a hospital
•Data input into the computer

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PROCESSES
All the elements necessary to convert or transform the
inputs into outputs are included in the processes.

EXAMPLES:
• In a chemical plant a process may include heating the
materials, using operating procedures, employing the
materials handling subsystem, and using employees and
machines.
• In a hospital the process includes conducting tests and
performing surgery.
• In a computer a process may include activating commands,
executing computations, and storing information.

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OUTPUTS
Outputs describe the finished products or the
consequences of being in the system.

EXAMPLES:
• fertilizers are one output of a chemical plant
• cured people are an output of a hospital
• reports may be output of a computerized system.

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 ENVIRONMENT
• The environment of the system is composed of
several elements that lie outside it in the sense
that they are not inputs, outputs, or processes.

• However, they have an impact on the system’s

performance and consequently on the attainment
of its goals.

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 The boundary
• A system is separated from its environment by a
boundary.
• The system is inside the boundary whereas the
environment lies outside.
• Boundaries may be physical (e.g., the system is a
department in Building C), or the boundary may
be some nonphysical factor. For example, a system
can be bounded by time. In such a case we may
analyze an organization for a period of only one
year.

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FEEDBACK
• There is a flow of information from the output
component to the decision maker concerning the
system’s output or performance.
• Based on this information the decision maker,
who acts as a control, may decide to modify the
inputs or the processes, or both.
• This flow, which appears as a closed loop, is
termed feedback.

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 Hospital Process
Inputs Processing Outputs

Doctors, nurses Examination

Hospital Surgery
Medical Supplies Monitoring Healthy
Equipment Medication patients
Laboratories Therapy

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 Input-Transformation-Output
Relationships for Typical Systems
Transformation Transformation Typical Desired
System Inputs Components Function Output

Patients, medical MDs, nurses,

Hospital Health care Healthy individuals
supplies equipment
Hungry customers, Chef, waitress, Well-prepared & well-
Restaurant Satisfied customers
food environment served food

Automobile Sheet steel, engine Tools, equipment, Fabrication &

High-quality cars
Factory parts workers assembly of cars

College or High School Teachers, Impart knowledge & Educated

University graduates, books classrooms skills individuals

Attract customers,
Department Shoppers, stock of Displays, sales Sales to satisfied
promote products, fill
Store goods clerks customers
orders

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Systems Analysis and Design
Analysis is the investigation of the properties of a given
(existing) system.

Design involves the choice and arrangement of system

components to perform a specific function.

Synthesis is the creation and structuring of components

into a whole.

Analysis is concerned with resolving something into its basic elements;

Synthesis is concerned with combining elements into a whole. 54
System representation
• The block diagram is a commonly used visualization
aid of engineers.

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 Block Diagram
Boundary
SYSTEMS are comprised of

Sub Systems
OUTPUT
INPUT Z
B

Y
A
CONTROL

Feedback
Environment

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Feedback-control system for production process
Establish Materials INPUTS
Production Plan Labor
Capital
Energy
Equipment

Decision Process
•Quantity
OUTPUTS
•Hours of Operation
•Outside Production Production
Process
•Overtime Products
•etc.
Corrective
Action =
Determined
≠ Results
Compared
to Plan

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