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6
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
DC–AC Converters
Power Electronics: Devices, Circuits, and Applications, 4e Copyright ©2014 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Muhammad H. Rashid All rights reserved.
Learning Outcomes After completing this chapter, students should be able to do the
following:
Describe the switching techniques for dc–ac converters known as inverters and list the types of
inverters.
Explain the operating principal of inverters.
List and determine the performance parameters of inverters.
List the different types of modulation techniques to obtain a near sinusoidal output waveform
and the techniques to eliminate certain harmonics from the output.
Design and analyze inverters.
Evaluate the performances of inverters by using PSpice simulations.
Evaluate the effects of load impedances on the load current.
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Symbols and Their Meanings
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Figure 6.1 Input and output relationship of a dc–ac converter.
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Equations 6.1 and 6.1a Performance Parameters
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Equation 6.2 Performance Parameters
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Equation 6.3 Performance Parameters
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Equations 6.4 and 6.5 Performance Parameters
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Equations 6.6 and 6.7 Performance Parameters
• DF is a measure of effectiveness in
reducing unwanted harmonics without
having to specify the values of a second-
order load filter and is defined as
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Equation 6.8 Performance Parameters
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Figure 6.2 Single-phase half-bridge inverter.
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Equations 6.10 and 6.11 Single-phase Half-bridge Inverter
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Equation 6.12 Single-phase Half-bridge Inverter
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Equation 6.13 Single-phase Half-bridge Inverter
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Figure 6.3 Single-phase full-bridge inverter.
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Equations 6.15 and 6.16 Single-phase Full-bridge Inverter
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Equations 6.17 and 6.18 Single-phase Full-bridge Inverter
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Equation 6.19 Single-phase Full-bridge Inverter
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Table 6.1 Switch States for a Single-Phase Full-Bridge Voltage-
Source Inverter
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Figure 6.4 Waveforms for Example 6.3.
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Figure 6.5 Three-phase inverter formed by three single-phase inverters.
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Figure 6.6 Three-phase bridge inverter.
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Figure 6.7 Delta- and Υ-connected load.
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Table 6.2 Switch States for Three-Phase Voltage-Source Inverter
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Figure 6.8 Equivalent circuits for Υ-connected resistive load.
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Equations 6.20a, 6.20b, and 6.20c
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Equations 6.23 and 6.24
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Figure 6.9 Three-phase inverter with RL load.
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Equations 6.25a, 6.25b, and 6.25c
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Equation 6.26
where θn = tan−1(nωL/R).
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Figure 6.10 Gating signals for 120° conduction.
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Figure 6.11 Equivalent circuits for Υ-connected resistive load.
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Equations 6.28a, 6.28b, and 6.28c Equivalent Circuits
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Equations 6.29a, 6.29b, and 6.29c Equivalent Circuits
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Figure 6.12 Multiple-pulse-width modulation.
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Equations 6.31 and 6.34 Multiple-pulse-width Modulation
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Figure 6.13 Harmonic profile of multiple-pulse-width modulation.
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Equations 6.35a, 6.35b, and 6.35c Harmonic profile
where Ts = T/2p.
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Figure 6.14 Sinusoidal pulse-width modulation.
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Equation 6.36 Sinusoidal pulse-width Modulation
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Equation 6.37 Sinusoidal pulse-width Modulation
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Figure 6.15 Harmonic profile of sinusoidal pulse-width modulation.
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Equations 6.38a, 6.38b, and 6.38c Sinusoidal pulse-width Modulation
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Figure 6.16 Peak fundamental output voltage versus modulation index M.
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Figure 6.17 Modified sinusoidal pulse-width modulation.
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Equations 6.42a, 6.42b, and 6.42c Modified Sinusoidal Pulse-width Modulation
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Figure 6.18 Harmonic profile of modified sinusoidal pulse-width modulation.
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Figure 6.19 Phase-displacement control.
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Equations 6.45 and 6.46 Phase-displacement Control
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Figure 6.20 Sinusoidal pulse-width modulation for three-phase inverter.
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Equations 6.50 and 6.51 Sinusoidal PWM for Three-phase Inverter
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Equation 6.52 Sinusoidal PWM for Three-phase Inverter
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Figure 6.21 Square-ware operation.
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Equations 6.54 and 6.55 Overmodulation
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Figure 6.22 Output waveform for 60° PWM.
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Figure 6.23 Output waveform for third-harmonic PWM.
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Equations 6.57, 6.60a, and 6.60b Third-harmonic PWM
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Equation 6.64 Third-harmonic PWM
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Figure 6.24 Three-phase coordinate vectors and space vector u(t).
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Figure 6.25 The on and off states of the inverter switches. [Ref. 13]
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Equations 6.67 and 6.70 On and Off State
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Equation 6.72 On and Off State
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Figure 6.26 The space vector representation.
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Equations 6.74 and 6.75 Space Vector
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Figure 6.27 Determination of state times.
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Equations 6.76a, 6.76b, and 6.77 Determination of State Times
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Figure 6.28 Pattern of SVM.
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Equations 6.79a, 6.79b, and 6.79c Pattern of SVM
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Equation 6.83 Pattern of SVM
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Table 6.3 Relationship between the Dwell Times and the Space
Vector Angle θ for Sector 1
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Figure 6.29 Three-phase waveforms for space vector modulation (M = 0.8, fsn = 18).
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Equations 6.87a, 6.87b, and 6.87c Waveforms for Space Vector Modulation
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Figure 6.30 Overmodulation. [Ref. 20, R. Valentine]
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Equations 6.88a, 6.88b, and 6.88c Overmodulation
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Table 6.4 Switching Segments for all SVM Sectors
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Figure 6.31 Block diagram for digital implementation of the SVM algorithm.
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Equations 6.89a and 6.89b Digital Implementation of the SVM Algorithm
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Table 6.5 Summary of Modulation Techniques
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Figure 6.32 Output voltage with two bipolar notches per half-wave.
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Equation 6.94 Bipolar Notches
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Figure 6.33 Unipolar output voltage with two notches per half-cycle.
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Equation 6.96 Unipolar Output Voltage
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Figure 6.34 Output voltage for modified sinusoidal pulse-width modulation.
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Equation 6.97 60-Degree Modulation
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Figure 6.35 Elimination of harmonics by transformer connection.
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Figure 6.36 Single-phase current source.
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Equations 6.99 and 6.100 Single-phase Current Source
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Table 6.6 Switch States for a Full-Bridge Single-Phase Current-
Source Inverter (CSI)
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Figure 6.37 Three-phase current source transistor inverter.
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Figure 6.38 Variable dc-link inverter.
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Equation 6.103 Variable Dc-link Inverter
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Figure 6.39 Principle of boost inverter.
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Figure 6.40 Boost inverter consisting of two boost converters. [Ref. 22, R. CaCeres]
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Figure 6.41 Equivalent circuit of converter A.
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Equations 6.104 and 6.105 Equivalent Circuit of Converter
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Figure 6.42 Equivalent circuits during modes of operation.
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Equation 6.110 Equivalent Circuits
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Figure 6.43 Gain characteristics of the boost inverter.
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Equations 6.106 and 6.109 Gain characteristics
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Figure 6.44 Buck–boost inverter. [Ref. 23, R. CaCeres]
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Figure 6.45 Output filters.
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Figure 6.46 Single-phase inverter for PSpice simulation.
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Figure 6.47 PSpice plots for Example 6.8.
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