Mixtures and Solutions

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Mixtures and Solutions
• A mixture is a combination
of two or more components that
are NOT chemically combined,
and retain their identities.
Mixtures can be physically separated.
The identities of the substances DO NOT
change.
A homogeneous mixture is also called a
solution.
 Mixtures
• When a mixture’s components are easily
recognizable, such as pizza, it is called a
heterogeneous mixture.
• In a homogeneous mixture such
as chocolate milk, the component
particles cannot be distinguished,
even though they still retain their
original properties.
 Mixtures
• Common Techniques for Separating Mixtures

Distillation – separates a mixture based on boiling

points of the component.
Examples :
saltwater
crude oil into gasoline and kerosene

Magnet – separates iron from other objects.

Centrifuge – spins and separates according to densities.

 Solutions
• A mixture that appears to be a single
substance but is composed of particles
of two or more substances that are
distributed evenly amongst each other.
A solution may be liquid, gaseous, or solid.
Examples of solutions
Liquid - seawater
Gas - air
Solid - alloys
 Parts of a Solution
•SOLUTE – the part Solute Solvent Example
of a solution that is
being dissolved liquid solid Mercury in gold,
Hexane in wax
(usually the lesser
solid solid Steel, Brass’
amount) Alloys,
• SOLVENT – the gas solid Hydrogen into
metals
part of a solution
solid liquid Sugar, Salt, Tea,
that dissolves the Kool-Aide
solute (usually the liquid liquid Mixed drinks, Paint
greater amount) thinners.

• Solute + Solvent = gas liquid Soft drinks****,

oxygen in water.
Solution gas Gas Air
 Solutions
• Dissolving – The process in which
particles of substances separate and
spread evenly amongst each other.
• Solute – substance that is dissolved. A solute is
soluble, or able to dissolve.
• A substance that is insoluble is unable to
dissolve, forms a mixture that is not
homogeneous, and therefore NOT a solution.

• Solvent – substance in which solute is dissolved.

 Definitions
Solutions can be classified as
saturated or unsaturated or
super-saturated.
A saturated solution contains the
maximum quantity of solute
that dissolves at that
temperature.
An unsaturated solution contains
less than the maximum
amount of solute that can
dissolve at a particular
temperature
 Definitions
SUPERSATURATED
SOLUTIONS contain
more solute than is
possible to be dissolved
Supersaturated solutions are
unstable. The
supersaturation is only
temporary, and usually
accomplished in one of two
ways:
 Solubility

• The solubility of a solute is the amount of solute needed

to make a saturated solution using a given amount of
solvent at a certain temperature.
• Solubility is usually expressed in grams of solute per 100
ml of solvent (g/100ml)

• Three (3) methods that affect solubility

– Mixing, stirring, or shaking
– Heating
– Crushing or grinding
 Suspension
• A mixture in which particles of
a material are dispersed through-
out a liquid or gas but are large
enough that they settle out.
– Particles are insoluble, so they DO NOT
dissolve in the liquid or gas.
– Particles can be separated using a filter.
• Examples:
• Salad dressing
• Medicines that say
“shake well before use”
 Colloids
• A mixture in which the particles are
dispersed throughout but are not heavy
enough to settle out.
• Made up of solids, liquids and gases.
– Examples :
• Mayonnaise
• Stick deodorant
• milk
 Tyndall Effect
• The Tyndall effect, also known
as Tyndall scattering, is light scattering by
particles in a colloid or else particles in a
very fine suspension.
• Flour suspended in water appears to be
blue because only scattered light reaches
the viewer and blue light is scattered by
the flour particles more than red.