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Fluid Liquid
Fluid is a substance that continuously deform under an Liquid is one of the three phases or state of matter.
applied external force
Fluids flow and has some viscosity (thickness). Liquids also flows and it has volume, but no definite
shape.
A fluid is a substance that lacks rigidity it cannot resist Liquids can assume the shape of any container or vessel
force when it is applied to it. and they are relatively incompressible
Properties of Fluid
• Any characteristic of a system is called property. It may either be
intensive (mass independent) or extensive (that depends on size of
system).
1)Viscosity: In order to determine a fluid’s viscosity, you have to enter
the field of viscometry, . Rheology deals with the flow behavior and
deformation of materials.
• The specific field of viscometry covers ideally viscous fluids i.e which
shows zero viscosity, and also viscoelastic liquids, i.e. viscous fluids
that contain an elastic portion. Fluids which flow easily show a low
resistance to deformation. They are low-viscosity fluids. High-viscosity
fluids resist deformation. Consequently, they do not flow easily.
Viscosity is defined as the measure of fluid resistance
to the flow of one layer of fluid over adjacent layer.
• Causes of Viscosity:
• The causes of viscosity in a fluid are possibly due to two factors
• (i) intermolecular force of cohesion
• (ii) molecular momentum exchange.
The two plates model
• Here, (F ) the shear force is acting on the certain cross-sectional area (A)
The two-plates model allows for calculating another parameter: the shear
rate (gamma-dot or also D).
The shear rate is the velocity of the upper plate (in meters per second)
divided by the distance between the two plates (in meters). Its unit is [1/s]
or reciprocal second [s-1].
It is the rate at which fluid layers or laminae move past each other.
qua
where ẏ is the shear rate, reciprocal seconds, denoted s-1 or 1/s.
According to Newton’s Law, shear stress is viscosity times shear rate.
Therefore, the viscosity (eta) is shear stress divided by shear rate.
Concentration
• Define concentration is the amount of substance dissolved in a specific volume. Chefs control
viscosity by altering the concentration of ingredients. To increase the viscosity of gravy Chefs will
add cornstarch as this will increase the concentration of the cornstarch in the gravy and therefore
increase the viscosity of the gravy.
Types of viscosity
Dynamic viscosity
• The Greek symbol η (eta) represents the dynamic viscosity. In order to
obtain dynamic viscosity (sometimes also known as shear viscosity),
one has to reformulate Newton’s Law:
Equation 5. Kinematic viscosity is dynamic viscosity divided by density. Gravitational influence is introduced through the
mass, which is contained in density.
• SI units:
• [m2/s] square meters per second or [mm2/s] square millimeters per second
• Kinematic viscosity is widely used for all petrochemical fluids such as fuels or lube oils.
2)Surface tension: The molecules on the surface of a liquid, that is, the interface
between the liquid and the air are bound together by a week force called surface
tension. This force makes the liquid form a layer and is caused due to the cohesive
force between the molecules of the liquid.
• The molecules on the surface of a liquid are bound to the molecules beside and
below them, but have nothing above them to balance out these attractive forces.
Because of this imbalance, the molecules on the surface of the liquid will be
drawn more strongly to those around it, creating a sheet of tightly bound
molecules on the surface of the liquid.
• As the temperature of a liquid increases, its surface tension decreases. When
water heats up, the movement of its molecules disrupts the imbalanced forces on
the surface of the water and weakens its sheet-like barrier of tightly bound
molecules, thereby lowering the surface tension. Ex: hot water is more effective
when cleaning; its low surface tension allows it to more easily penetrate the
fibers of a material like fabric and wash away stains.
3)Capillarity: The molecules of a liquid have two types of forces acting
on them. One is, cohesive force, the force among the molecules of the
liquid only, and the other one is adhesive force, the force acting
between the molecules of the liquid and some other substance. When
the adhesion between the liquid and the container wall is more than
the cohesion among the liquid molecules, the liquid sticks to the
container walls and this results in capillary rise. The opposite of this
behavior happens when the cohesion is more than the adhesion – the
capillary level dips.
References
• https://www.labcompare .com/10featured-articles
• https://sciencing .com/changing-temperature-affect-viscosity-
surfacetension-liquid-16797.html
• https://www.mecholic.com/2016/01/newton-law-of-viscosity-
derivation.html
• https://wiki.anton-paar.com/en/basics-of-viscometry
• https://www.lecture2.pdf.com
• https://www.brighthubengineering.com/hydraulic-civil-
engineering/42883-basic-properties-of-fluid
• https://www.introduction.fluid.mech.pdf
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