TO THE EXITING

WORLD OF
PHYSICS
CLASS XII

Developed by
AKASH & ADIL
CLASS XII
K.V.JHALAWAR
DEVELOPED BY
AKASH & ADIL

CLASS – XII
K.V.JHALAWAR
 ELECTROSTATICS
 THE BRANCH OF PHYSICS DEALING WITH CHARGES
AT REST AND THEIR PROPERTIES
 STATIC ELECTRICITY WAS FIRST OBSERVED BY
THALES OF MILETUS IN 600 BC WHEN HE FOUND
THAT AMBER WHEN RUBBED WITH FUR ACQUIRED
THE PROPERTY OF ATTRCACTING TINY PIECES OF
SAW DUST ETC.
 ELECTRICITY PRODUCED BY RUBBING IS CALLED
FRICTIONAL ELECTRICITY
 SINCE THE CHARGES SO PRODUCED ARE AT REST IT
IS ALSO CALLED STATIC ELECTRICITY
 CHARGES ARE PRODUCED BY TRANSFER OF
ELECTRONS
IN 1600 AD, DR. WILLIAM GILBERT, COURT
PHYSICIAN TO QUEEN ELIZABETH I OF
ENGLAND, PUBLISHED THE BOOK (DE
MAGNETO) IN WHICH HE MADE AN ACCOUNT
OF ALL THE EXPERIMENTS AND
OBSERVATIONS MADE SO FAR IN THE FIELD
OF ELECTROSTATICS.
GILBERT FOUND THAT THERE ARE TWO KINDS
OF CHARGES AND THAT LIKE CHARGES REPEL
AND UNLIKE CHARGES ATTRACT.
HE NAMED THE TWO KINDS OF CHARGES AS
RESINOUS AND VITREOUS.
THE CHARGE ACQUIRED BY AMBER OR
EBONITE (WHEN RUBBED WITH WOOL OR
FUR) WAS CALLED RESINOUS AND THE OTHER
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN,
AN AMERICAN
SCIENTIST

Introduced the convention

according to which resinous
charge was called negative and
the other was called positive
 CONSERVATION OF
CHARGES
 THE TOTAL CHARGE IN ANY SYSTEM IS
ALWAYS CONSERVED
 NET CHARGE CAN NEITHER BE CREATED NOR
BE DESTROYED IN ISOLATION
 CHARGES CAN ONLY BE PRODUCED OR
DESTROYED IN EQUAL AND OPPOSITE PAIRS
 THE TOTAL CHARGE BEFORE AND AFTER ANY
REACTION REMAINS THE SAME.
 QUANTIZATION OF CHARGE
 THE CHARGE PRESENT IN ANY BODY IS
ALWAYS THE INTEGRAL MULTIPLE OF
FUNDAMENTAL CHARGE  THE CHARGE
OF AN ELECTRON (1.6 X 10-19C)
 NO BODY CAN POSSESS FRACTIONAL
ELECTRONIC CHARGE (IN THE
MACROSCOPIC WORLD)
 QUARKS
 ARE PARTICLES CONSIDERED TO POSSESS
FRACTIONAL ELECTRONIC CHARGES -- ± 1/3
e, ± 2/3 e …..
 THERE ARE SIX TYPES OF QUARKS UP,
DOWN, TOP, BOTTOM, CHARM AND STRANGE
 BUT THE EXISTENCE OF QUARKS DONOT
VIOLATE THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF
CHARGE. IT ONLY CHANGES THE MAGNITUDE
OF FUNDAMENTAL CHARGE TO THAT OF THE
LOWEST POSSIBLE CHARGE ON QUARKS.
 ALSO, QUARKS CANNOT EXIST FREELY. THEY
ARE ALWAYS FOUND COMBINED TO FORM
INTEGRAL MULTIPLES OF ELECTRONIC
CHARGE.
 Baryon
Mass*
Quark Symbol Spin Charge Num S C B T
ber
Up U 1/2 +2/3 1/3 0 0 0 0 360 MeV
Down D 1/2 -1/3 1/3 0 0 0 0 360 MeV
Charm C 1/2 +2/3 1/3 0 +1 0 0 1500 MeV
Strange S 1/2 -1/3 1/3 -1 0 0 0 540 MeV
Top T 1/2 +2/3 1/3 0 0 0 +1 174 GeV
Bottom B 1/2 -1/3 1/3 0 0 +1 0 5 GeV
 RELATIVE PERMITIVITY
 Is defined as the ratio of the force
between two point charges separated in
vacuum to the force between the same
two charges separated by the same
distance while kept in the medium.
 i.e. r= F0 /Fm
PRINCIPLE OF SUPER POSITION

 States that when there are a number of

point charges, the net force on any one of
the charges is equal to the vector sum of
the forces due to the individual charges.
i.e.
F1 = F12+ F13+ F14 + ……
 DEFINE 1 COULOMB

 One coulomb is defined as that charge

which when kept one metre apart from an
equal and similar charge in vacuum, repels
it with a force of 9 x 109N.
 ELECTRIC FIELD
 Qualitatively
 The region of space around a charge where it

can exert a force of electrical origin on another

charge.
 Quantitatively
 The intensity of ELECTRIC FIELD at any point is

defined as the force exerted per unit charge by

a positive test charge kept at that point.
F
E  lim  
qo  0 q
 0
 ELECTRIC LINES OF FORCE
 Are imaginary lines of force such that the
tangent to it at any point gives the
direction of electric field at that point.
 A positive point charge free to move will
move in the direction of electric field and a
negative point charge will move in a
direction opposite to the direction of
electric field along an electric line of force.
 The lines of force to represent uniform electric field
are as shown below

The electric lines of The electric lines of

force due to point force due to point
charge q < 0 are as charge q > 0 are as
shown below shown below
 PROPERTIES OF ELECTRIC LINES OF FORCE
 Start from a positive charge and end in a negative
charge.
 The tangent to it at any point gives the direction of
electric field at that point.
 They never intersect each other
 They tend to contract longitudinally and expand
laterally.
 They always enter or emerge normal to the surface of
a charged conductor.
 They are close together in regions of strong electric
field and far apart in regions of weak electric field.
 ELECTRIC DIPOLE
 Two equal and opposite point charges
separated by a very small distance
constitute an electric dipole.
 Electric dipole moment of a dipole is

defined as the product of the magnitude of

either of the charges and the distance
between the charges.
p  2l  q
Dipole moment,
 TORQUE ON A DIPOLE

 = pE sin
Or

=pXE
where p is the electric dipole moment
and E is the intensity of electric field.
 DERIVATION
Force on charge +q at A .
(  = PE sin  )
F A
 qE
force on charge - q at B

F B
 qE
Forces F A and FB equal
and opposite form a couple
which tends to rotate the
dipole
torque acting on dipole is

  force  arm of couple

   qE  AC      (1)
In ABC
AC AC  AB sin  AC  2l sin 
 sin 
AB
 so from -------- ( 1 )
  qE  2l sin 
 (q  2l ) E sin 
  pE  sin      (2)  p  q  2l dipole moment

 No torque acts when dipole moment aligns

parallel to electric field ( i.e  = 0 )

 ) 0  pE  0
 pE( 2sin
from
 ELECTRIC FLUX
Is the total lines of force passing
Is the total lines of force passing
normal to a given surface
 
 E   E.dS
s
E = E A for uniform electric field
Electric flux is a scalar quantity
 GAUSS’ THEOREM
States the total electric flux through a
closed surface (surface integral of
electric field over a closed surface)
is equal to 1/o times the total
charge enclosed by the surface.
Mathematically
  1
s E .dS   q enclosed 
0
 ACTION OF POINTS
 The surface charge density is not uniform
in the case of uneven metal surfaces. It is
maximum at sharp points and hence the
intensity of electric field will also be
maximum at these points. This is known
as action of points.
 CORONA DISCHARGE
 When a metal with sharp points is charged,
the sharp points acquire a high electric
field and ionizes the air molecules nearby
and then repels them away. The charged
air molecules moving away from the sharp
points constitute an electric wind and the
discharge of electricity from sharp points
like this is known as corona discharge.
 LIGHTNING CONDUCTOR
 Is a device made of metal with sharp points
fixed on the top of huge buildings and earthed
by thick strips of conductor.
They protect the building in two ways.
 They avoid the occurrence of lightning by corona

discharge and neutralizing the clouds.

 Even if lightning strikes, it provides a low

resistance conducting path for the charges

coming from the clouds and protects the
building from damage.
VAN DE GRAFF
GENERATOR
Is a device used to
produce very high
potential by the action
of points.
It works on the
principle that whenever
a charge is given to a
hollow conductor, the
charge is immediately
transferred to the outer
surface.
A
Van de Graff
Generator
 CAPACITANCE
 The ratio of electric charge to
electric potential of a conductor or
a device is called capacitance
 Capacitance C = Q/V

 Unit is farad (F)

 1 farad = 1 coulomb / 1 volt

 PRINCIPLE OF A
CAPACITOR
 Capacitor is based on the principle
that the capacitance of an isolated
charged conductor increases when an
uncharged earthed conductor is kept
near it and the capacitance is further
increased by keeping a dielectric
medium between the conductors.
 CAPACITANCE OF A PARALLEL
PLATE CAPACITOR
Electric field between the plates,
E =  / 0
But =Q/A
E=Q/A0
Potential difference between the two
plates , V = Ed = Qd/A 0
Capacitance, C = Q/V
C=A 0/d
 CAPACITANCE OF A PARALLEL
PLATE CAPACITOR WITH A
DIELECTRIC SLAB
When a dielectric slab is kept between the plates
COMPLETELY filling the gap
E’ = E0/K where K is the dielectric constant of the
medium.
Potential difference
V’ = E’d = E0d/K=Qd/K 0A
Capacitance C’ = Q/V’ = K 0A/d = KC
when a dielectric medium is filled between the plates
of a capacitor, its capacitance is increased K times.
 DIELECTRIC STRENGTH

 Dielectric strength of a
dielectric is the maximum
electric field that can be
applied to it beyond which it
breaks down.
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
 Calculate the number of electrons in
excess in a body with 1 coulomb of
negative charge.
 Q = ne
 Q = 1C
 e = 1.6 X 10-19C
 n = Q/e= 1/(1.6 X 10-19C) = 6.25 X 1018