Principles of Planning

Prepared by
Arch. Menandro B. Gawan

Arch. Rowena M. Dabu
PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING
SCOPE:
 General Principles of Planning
 Definitions & Classifications
 History & Scope of Planning
 General Planning Process
 Urban & Regional Planning

 History of the city & the region
 Theories of Urban & Regional Planning
 Planning Theory & Demographics
 Comprehensive Planning
 Land Use Planning
 Urban Design
 Urbanization and Urban Social Relationships
 Housing & Human Settlements Planning

 Definition & Classification
 Housing Policies and Programs
 Housing finance, production and practices
 The Art and Science of Site Planning and

Landscape Architecture
 Site Analysis and Site Development
 Landscape Design
 Primary Considerations in Site Planning and
Development (physical and aesthetic,
ecological, socio-psychological
management, and maintenance)
SCOPE:
 General Principles of Planning
Definitions & Classifications
Planning is a process of creating or maintaining a plan consideration.
 Planning is a process for accomplishing purposes. It is a blue print of

business growth and a road map of development. It helps in deciding
objectives both in quantitative and qualitative terms. It is setting of goals
on the basis of objectives and keeping in the resources.
 Planning in general is a thinking and social process. Intellectual thought

processes (thinking aspect) as well as policies and actions (social aspect)
are needed to bridge the gap between what is likely and what is desired.
 Principle is a law or rule that has to be, or usually is to be followed, or can

be desirably followed, or is an inevitable consequence of something, such
as the laws observed in nature or the way that a system is constructed.
Types / Classifications of planning
 PHYSICAL PLANNING – shall mean the rational use of land for development purposes.
 Factors to Study:
 Land Use Planning
 Planning Principles
 Ecological Balance
 Preservation/Conservation
 Urban Land Use Planning
 Physical Infrastructure Development
 SOCIAL PLANNING – refers to those activities concerned with planning, development,

and management of social services, facilities required by specific population groups,
community, town, city, province, region, or nation.
 Demography
 Education
 Housing
 Health Services
 Social Welfare Services
 Protective Services
 Sports and Recreation
 ECONOMIC PLANNING – refers to those activities concerned with uplifting the quality of
life and income levels of the population through assessment of advantages from
economic activities in either agriculture, industry, tourism, services, etc.
 Commerce
 Industry
 Tourism
 Agriculture
 ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING – refers to activities concerned with the management and

development of land, as well as, the preservation, conservation, and rehabilitation of
the human environment.
 Scope of Practice:
 Development of a community, town, city, or region.
 Development of a site for a particular need such as housing, education, etc.
 Land Use and zoning plans for the management and development, preservation,
conservation, control, and rehabilitation of the environment.
 Pre-investment, pre-feasibility, and feasibility studies.
 P. D. 1308: ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING PRACTICE (March 2, 1977)

 Environmental Planning is the process of facilitating decision making to carry
out development with due consideration given to the natural environmental,
social, political, economic and governance factors and provides a holistic
frame work to achieve sustainable outcomes.
Some of the main elements of present day environmental planning are:

 Social & economic development
 Urban development
 Regional development
 Natural resource management & integrated land use
 Infrastructure systems
 Governance frameworks
History & Scope of Planning
THE BEGINNINGS
SETTLEMENT DESIGN
 Agricultural Societies
 Rectilinear Plotting
LAYOUT
 Grid (or Rectilinear) – product of the
farmer
 Circular (Fencing) – product of the
herdsman -- defensive role
 Radiocentric – when circular
settlements enlarge -- fortress cities (i.e.
Paris)
Map of Piraeus, the port of Athens, showing the grid plan

of the city.
ANCIENT GREECE
 LANDSCAPE – powerfully assertive
 HIGH PLACES – fortified hilltop -- sacred
precinct
 TOWN DESIGN = SENSE OF THE FINITE
 Aristotle’s ideal size of city = 10,000 –
20,000 people
 never attempted to overwhelm nature
 buildings give a sense of human
measure to landscape
 MODULE – Greek use of house as
module for town planning
 THE STREET – not a principal element but
as a leftover space for circulation
 PLACE OF ASSEMBLY – market (agora)
ANCIENT ROME
 URBAN DESIGN--political power
and organization
 USE OF SCALE – Greek use of scale
is based on human measurements
 Romans used proportions that
would relate parts of building
instead of human measure
 MODULE--use of street pattern as
module to achieve a sense of
overpowering grandeur made for
military government
 THE STREET –street are built first;
buildings came later
 PLACE OF ASSEMBLY – market,
theater, and arena, forum
MEDIEVAL ERA
 DECLINE OF ROME – “Dark Ages”, but
not for urban design
 URBAN SETTINGS – Military strongholds,
castles, monasteries, towns
 MILITARY STRONGHOLDS – Acropolis
and Capitoline Hill
 CASTLES – built atop hills, enclosed by
circular walls; radiocentric growth
 MONASTERIES – citadels of learning, laid
out in rectilinear pattern
 MEDIEVAL TOWNS like Greek towns,
small and finite in size-- lacks geometry
-- became parts of larger territorial states
-- growth and population created the
need for marketplaces
MEDIEVAL ERA TOWN DESIGN

 VISIBLE EXTERIORS suit the viewing
conditions of small spaces
 VISTA considerations and HUMAN SCALE
 – fine accents in landscape
 STREET LAYOUT is functional, although
with no logical form
 MEDIEVAL ERA sets the stage for
RENAISSANCE
-- organization of the military and new force
in gunpowder
-- development of political powers and
expertise
-- scholarly knowledge of the church
 3 MAJOR EVENTS MARKING TRANSITION
FROM MEDIEVAL TIMES
-- Dawn of science
-- Fall of Constantinople
-- Discovery of the New World
FROM MEDIEVAL TO RENAISSANCE ERA

 MEDIEVAL URBAN DESIGN were to be
discarded
 -- sense of scale
 -- intimate relation between house
and street
 MEDIEVAL SYSTEM OF TOWN DESIGN
truly livable; humanist basis
 RENAISSANCE SYSTEM OF TOWN
DESIGN --the role of the individual
as builder of his town was lost
RENAISSANCE – EARLY DEVELOPMENTS

 IDEAL CITIES
 -- 1440 (beginning of Renaissance)
 -- Leon Battista Alberti – foremost
theoretician
 -- Alberti’s De Architectura – treats
architecture and town design as single
theme (just like Vitruvius)
 ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF EARLY RENAISSANCE
 Public Works
 Civic improvement projects
 REBUILDING FERRARA
 -- Palazzo Diamenti – most famous structure
 -- Biaggio Rossetti – architect and town
planner regarded as one of the world’s
earliest modern urban designers
RENAISSANCE – LEONARDO DA VINCI

 SKETCHED A CITY STRADDLING A RIVER
 RIVER STREAMS – supply water and
carry away waste
 MULTILEVELS – for multiple functions
 PROPOSED MOVABLE HOUSES –
anticipated the “greenbelt” concept
 SATELLITE TOWNS – for workers
 LESSONS: Growth or functional
improvement is not necessarily an
advantage
 POPES IN ROME – the “real say” in urban
design at that time
RENAISSANCE – REBUILDING ROME

 PROBLEMS: Circulation, defense, water
supply, sanitation
 SOLUTION: Popes have to undertake
civic improvement projects
 PILGRIMAGE – St. Peter’s Cathedral
improved Campidoglio (Rome’s city hall)
improved
 FONTANA’S PLAN – streets were visually
accented using OBELISKS
 OBELISKS- as “stakes”, as GUIDEPOSTS for
the whole city - as SCALE REFERENCE
POINTS for successive designers
 DESIGN PRINCIPLE – architecture of
ancient Rome-- new design of early
Renaissance
RENAISSANCE – BUILDING GROUPS

 DONATO BRAMANTE
 CARLO FONTANA – basilica inside
the Colosseum
 BORROWED DESIGN – Renaissance
from Medieval, Romans from Greeks
 ANDREA PALLADIO – developed
precise theories of proportion and
module
 PALLADIO’S PROTOTYPES - Roman
country villa (rural)
- Roman Forum (urban)
– examples of plazas (the modern
forum)
 “COLOSSAL” or “GIGANTIC” ORDER
– Palladio’s San Giorgio Maggiore
RENAISSANCE – THE CAMPIDOGLIO

 One of MICHELANGELO’s finest works
 Seen at a distance as a whole
composition
 EQUESTRIAN STATUE of Marcus Aurelius
-- Serves as Centerpiece or Guidepost
 ENTRANCE RAMPS – widen toward the
top -- perspective effect and stairs
appear shorter -- similarly, SIDE
BUILDINGS are not parallel
 Significance of a REMODELLING JOB
RENAISSANCE – URBAN PLAZAS:

FRANCE & ENGLAND
 JACQUES ANDROUET DU CERCEAU
-- French architect who visited Rome
-- Brought plaza idea to Paris, France
 INIGO JONES – English architect,
brought the Renaissance plaza to
London-- Bedford Square – started in
1631 -- Covent Garden – modeled
after Livorno
 OTHER PLAZAS IN LONDON -- Leicester
Square – started in 1635
RENAISSANCE – LANDSCAPE
ARCHITECTURE
 PARKS and GARDENS – tie the city
together
-- connecting the palace and the town
 VILLA & GARDEN– rural counterpart
of PALACE & PLAZA
 ITALY – gardens are never too large
-- built as TERRACES because of hilly
land
 FRANCE – elaborate system of
landscape design-- roots from large
HUNTING FORESTS
 -- ROND POINTS – high ground
intersections
MODERN CONCEPTS – RENEWED ATTITUDE

TOWARD NATURE
 TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES – not
necessarily a sign of progress
 ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT
 Led by William Morris, return to simpler
Christian virtues of the Gothic period
 The movement advocated truth to
materials and traditional craftsmanship
using simple forms and often medieval,
romantic or folk styles of decoration. It also
proposed economic and social reform and
has been seen as essentially anti-industrial.
 GOTHIC REVIVAL IN 19TH CENTURY
 “Gothic period was the last original
architectural era”- Frank Lloyd Wright
THE CONSERVATIONISTS AND THE PARK

MOVEMENT
 GEORGE PERKINS MARSH –
American conservationist-- the
founder of modern conservation
 -- Cities – planned for two
generations ahead
 -- maintain sufficient breathing
space
 -- design embraces the whole city
THE GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT

 EBENEZER HOWARD – An English
stenographer
 The garden city philosophy is a
method of urban planning that was
initiated during 1898 by Sir Ebenezer
Howard in the United Kingdom.
Garden cities were intended to be
planned, self-contained, communities
surrounded by "greenbelts" (parks),
containing proportionate areas of
residences, industry, and agriculture.
Ebenezer Howard's 3 magnets diagram which addressed

the question 'Where will the people go?', the choices being
'Town', 'Country' or 'Town-Country'
THE GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT
First Garden City Heritage Museum, Letchworth

THE SCIENTIFIC APPROACH
 HOWARD’S ANALYTICAL APPROACH–
city so large & operations so complex
 Proper understanding can only be
gained by full application of precise
analysis
 PATRICK GEDDES – Scottish city
planner. established tool for analytical
approach-- “Cities in Evolution”
published in 1915 -- coined the term
“connurbation”-- laid out some 50
cities in India and Palestine
 CONNURBATION - “the waves of
population inflow to large cities,
followed by overcrowding and slum
formation, and then the wave of
backflow”
THE CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT

 GOLDEN AGE OF URBAN DESIGN
 – From 1890 to the Great Depression
(1930s), termed the “City Beautiful Era”
 WORLD’S FAIRS– as works of civic art --
application of latest technologies;
façade architecture; promise of
America come to life-- as urban
renewal operations-- Jackson Park –
Chicago World’s Fair, San Francisco
Marina, Treasure Island, SF
 CITY AS A WHOLE -- Daniel Burnham –

father of American city planning
Axial plan of The Mall, Washington, D.C.: the Reflecting Pool

and Lincoln Memorial extend the central axis
THE NEW COMMUNITIES MOVEMENT
 “SUPERBLOCK” CONCEPT – Answer
to problem of through traffic --
Island of green, bordered by houses
and skirted by peripheral
automobile roads
-- Best examples -- Baldwin Hills, Los
Angeles; Chatham Village,
Pittsburgh
-- Community-level development
 “RADBURN” IDEA – Organization of
town into cohesive neighborhoods
-- One of the most important designs
conceived for the modern
residential community
 RADBURN, NJ– Series of
superblocks, not completed due to
Depression
General Planning Process
PLANNING PROCESS. Whatever the purpose may be, the planning process
generally includes a set of activities that remain invariant across different
planning philosophies – a sort of general format to follow.
Example 1
Problem Structuring

Identification and Evaluation of Alternative Responses

Implementation

Monitoring and Evaluation
From Thomas Saaty, 1985

Example 2
Identification of a Problem

Formulation of Goals

Identification of Objectives and Targets

Determination of Constraints and Opportunities

Projection for Future Situation

Generation and Evaluation of Alternative Courses of Action

Implementation of Preferred Plan

Monitoring and Evaluation
From John Glasson
Example 3
Data

Description

Desires

Designs

Decision

Deed
From Britton Harris
Urban & Regional Planning
History of the city & the region
 City- A city is a relatively large and permanent settlement. Cities generally
have complex systems for sanitation, utilities, land usage, housing, and
transportation. The concentration of development greatly facilitates
interaction between people and businesses, benefiting both parties in the
process. A big city or metropolis usually has associated suburbs and exurbs.
Such cities are usually associated with metropolitan areas and urban areas,
creating numerous business commuters traveling to urban centers of
employment. Once a city expands far enough to reach another city, this
region can be deemed a conurbation or megalopolis.
 Region- Regions consist of subregions that contain clusters of like areas that
are distinctive by their uniformity of description based on a range of statistical
data, for example demographic, and locales.
 A town accomplishes common goals through informal agreements between

neighbors or the leadership of a chief. A city has professional administrators,
regulations, and some form of taxation (food and other necessities or means
to trade for them) to feed the government workers.
Tokyo, the most populous metropolis in Seoul, the second most populous
the world metropolis in the world
Shanghai is the most populous city proper in Sydney is Australia's largest city
the world.
Makati The Financial Capital of the

Philippines
Rome, Italy
Towns and cities have a long history,

although opinions vary on whether
any particular ancient settlement can
be considered to be a city. A city
formed as central places of trade for
the benefit of the members living in
close proximity to others facilitates
interaction of all kinds.
Ancient times
 Notable for its diversity
 Some cities had large population
 Cities became trade centers and
some have religious focus
 Other cities are sparsely populated
political capitals
The ancient city of Ur of Sumer, in present day
Tell el-Mukayyar in Iraq is known to be one of the
world's earliest сities
Middle Ages
 During the European Middle Ages, a
town was as much a political entity as
a collection of houses. City residence
brought freedom from customary rural
obligations to lord and community.
This woodcut shows Nuremberg as a prototype of

a flourishing and independent city in the 15th
century
Gdańsk Poland in the 17th century
Early modern
By the early 19th century, London
had become the largest city in
the world with a population of
over a million
Most towns remained far smaller
places.
During the Spanish colonization of
the Americas the old Roman
city concept was extensively
used. Cities were founded in
the middle of the newly
conquered territories, and
were bound to several laws
about administration, finances
and urbanism.
Industrial age
The growth of modern industry from the
late 18th century onward led to
massive urbanization and the rise of
new great, as new opportunities
brought huge numbers of migrants
from rural communities into urban
areas.
Cities during those periods of time were
deadly places to live in, due to health
problems resulting from contaminated
water and air, and communicable
diseases
There has also been a shift to suburbs,
perhaps to avoid crime and traffic,
which are two costs of living in an
urban area. Glasgow slum in 1871
Theories of Urban & Regional Planning
 Regional planning is a branch of land use planning and deals with the
efficient placement of land use activities, infrastructure, and settlement
growth across a significantly larger area of land than an individual city or
town. The related field of urban planning deals with the specific issues of city
planning. Both concepts are encapsulated in spatial planning using a
eurocentric definition.
 Spatial planning refers to the methods used by the public sector to influence
the distribution of people and activities in spaces of various scales. Discrete
professional disciplines which involve spatial planning include land use
planning, urban planning, regional planning, transport planning and
environmental planning. Other related areas are also important, including
economic planning and community planning. Spatial planning takes place
on local, regional, national and inter-national levels and often result in the
creation of a spatial plan.
URBAN STRUCTURE
Urban structure is the arrangement of land use in urban areas. Sociologists,
economists, and geographers have developed several models, explaining
where different types of people and businesses tend to exist within the urban
setting.
GRID THEORY
 The grid plan, grid street plan or gridiron plan is a type of city plan in which
streets run at right angles to each other, forming a grid. In the context of the
culture of Ancient Greece, the grid plan is called Hippodamian plan.
CONCENTRIC ZONE THEORY (Monocentric). By E. W. Burgess, a University of
Chicago sociologist, in 1925. The city grows in a radial expansion from the
center to form a series of concentric zones or circles such as in Chicago.
City grows in a radial expansion from center to form circles

A city is seen as a set of cocentric rings (these rings are roughly listed, in order,
below). As the city grows, each ring invades and overtakes the next ring out –
a process called Invasion/Succession (thus, Cocentic Theory is sometimes
referred to as Invasion/Succession Theory”).
 • The central business district (CBD)

 • Zone of Transition
 • Independent worker housing
 • Better housing / Residential Zone of High Class Apartment Buildings or Single-
Family Dwellings.
 • Commuter/suburban housing
CONCENTRIC ZONE THEORY (Monocentric)
SECTOR THEORY. By Homer Hoyt, an economist, in 1939. Hoyt examined the

spatial variations in household rent in 142 American cities.
Rent patterns are not in the form of successive circles but appear as sectors.
High rent residential sectors are most important in explaining city growth as it
pulls the growth of entire city in the same direction, usually outward along
transport routes.
Pulls growth of entire in same direction
High-density residential, commercial, and industrial uses radiate out from the
central business district (CBD) in “sectors” that follow major transportation
routes. More expensive housing also radiates out from the CBD– towards large
open spaces and higher ground. Less expensive housing takes whatever land
is left over.
SECTOR THEORY
MULTIPLE NUCLEI THEORY (Polycentric). Developed by two geographers

Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman in 1945. Cities tend to grow around not
one but several distinct nuclei.
The process is historical due to certain highly specialized activities, certain

unrelated functions which repel each other, etc.
Cities grow around several district nuclei
Certain land uses group together to take advantage of unique facilities (e.g.,
universities), specializations, codependencies, or externalities. This theory is
often applied to cities with more than one CBD.
MULTIPLE NUCLEI THEORY (Polycentric).

INVERSE CONCENTRIC ZONE THEORY. The preceding three theories apply

primarily to cities of MDCs, particularly American. Many cities in the LDCs
follow somewhat different patterns – this is a reversal of the concentric zone
pattern.
Planning Theory & Demographics
( by Lee C. Slusser, AICP)
- Urban and Regional Planner, Member of APA Pennysylvania Chapter.
 AICP – American Institute of Certified Planners

 APA – American Planning Association
 Theory - is a technical term from Ancient Greek. It is derived from “theoria”,

meaning "a looking at, viewing, beholding", and refers to contemplation or
speculation, as opposed to action.
 Demographics - or demographic data are the characteristics of a human

population. These types of data are used widely in sociology, public policy,
and marketing or opinion research.
1. SYNOPTIC RATIONALISM
In philosophy in general, rationalism is the foundation and embodiment of the

scientific method. It serves the same role in planning theory.
The rationalist model of the planning process generally contains the following
steps.
 • Goals and objectives are set.
 • Policy alternatives are identified.
 • The policy alternatives are evaluated – vis-à-vis effectiveness (in attaining
the goals and objectives),efficiency, and constraints – using scientific
conceptual models and evaluation techniques (e.g., cost benefit analysis).
 • The selected policy alternative is implemented.
 SYN – together
 OPTIC – seeing
2. INCREMENTALISM
This theory – which was espoused by Charles Lindbloom in The Science of

Muddling Through – is a practical response to rationalism.
Planning is seen as less of a scientific technique and more of a mixture of

intuition and experience.
Major policy changes are best made in little increments over long periods of
time.
Incrementalism very accurately describes what actually occurs in most

planning offices on a daily basis.
3. TRANSACTIVE PLANNING
Like incrementalism, transactivism does not view planning purely as a scientific

technique.
Transactivism espouses planning as a decentralized function based on face-

to-face contacts, interpersonal dialogues, and mutual learning.
Transactivism is roughly behavioralist-style planning.

4. ADVOCACY PLANNING
Advocacism abandons the objective, non-political view of planning

contained in rationalism.
Planners become like lawyers: they advocate and defend the interests of a
particular client or group (which is preferably economically disadvantaged
and/or politically unorganized or underrepresented).
• Paul Davidoff was an early champion of advocacy planning. He argued that

there is no one public interest for planners to serve, and thus, that planners
have no choice but to become non-objective advocates for specific interests
and groups.
4. ADVOCACY PLANNING
• Saul Alinsky developed an advocacist vision of planning that is centered

around socalled “organizations.” Alinsky’s organizations develop where
people feel powerless. These organizations then hire planners (which Alinsky
largely sees as political organizers) to identify problems, develop an
awareness of these problems, and generate action.
• Alan Altshuler also argued for abandoning the objective, non-political view
of planning. He felt that to be effective, planners must become actively
involved in the political process.
5. RADICAL PLANNING
In a sense, radicalism takes transactivism to its logical extreme. Radicalism

hates hierarchical bureaucracies, centralized planning, and domineering
professional planners.
It argues that planning is most effective when it is performed by non-

professional neighborhood planning committees that empower common
citizens to experiment with solving their own problems.
The ideal outcomes of this process are collective actions that promote self-
reliance. Much of the radical planning literature that I have personally read is
based on Marxist interpretations and theories.
6. UTOPIANISM
Utopianism believes that planning is most effective when it proposes sweeping

changes that capture the public imagination. Also imagined as a perfect
place or state of things.
Daniel Burnham’s Plan of Chicago, Frank Lloyd Wright’s Broadacre City, and
Le Corbusier’s La Ville Contemporaine are often cited as utopian works.
 The word comes from the Greek: οὐ ("not") and topos ("place"). The English
homophone eutopia, derived from the Greek εὖ ("good" or "well") and topos
("place"), signifies a double meaning: "good place" and "no place".
6. UTOPIANISM
Often cited as utopian works:
Daniel Burnham’s Plan of Chicago,
6. UTOPIANISM
Frank Lloyd Wright’s Broadacre City,
6. UTOPIANISM
Le Corbusier’s La Ville Contemporaine
7. METHODISM
Methodism addresses situations in which the planning techniques that should

be used are known, but the ends that should be achieved by these
techniques are not. Such a situation would be making a population projection
just to have it handy when it is needed.
Methodism views planning techniques as ends into themselves.
Systematic, and follows particular method (planning known techniques - e.g.

Projection of Population)
Comprehensive Planning
 Comprehensive planning is a term used in the United States by land use

planners to describe a process that determines community goals and
aspirations in terms of community development.
 The outcome of comprehensive planning is the Comprehensive Plan which

dictates public policy in terms of transportation, utilities, land use, recreation,
and housing. Comprehensive plans typically encompass large geographical
areas, a broad range of topics, and cover a long-term time horizon.
 COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING – evolved from a physical planning model from

the 1920s to 1930s as exemplified by British planner Patrick Geddes’s S-A-P and
Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City.
Land Use Planning
 PLANNING – the key to orderly and rational land development in any local
government unit, i.e. a city or municipality.
Land use planning is the term used for a branch of public policy
encompassing various disciplines which seek to order and regulate land use in
an efficient and ethical way, thus preventing land use conflicts.
It is the systematic assessment of land and water potential, alternatives for

land use, and economic and social conditions in order to select and adopt
the best land-use options.
Land use planning often leads to land use regulations, also known as zoning,
but they are not one in the same. Zoning regulations control the kinds of
activities that can be accommodated on a given piece of land, the amount
of space devoted to those activities and the ways that buildings may be
placed and shaped. [2]. Planning provides the vision, but zoning, based in
pragmatic and political realities, is what actually controls development.
Land Use Planning
ZONING DEFINED.
 Zoning is a legal regulatory tool to implement the land use plan.
 Zoning is the designation and allocation of territorial areas of city or
municipality into functional land use zones and districts.
 Uses in accord with goals and objectives of local development plan.
The overall area plan for the reconstruction of Kabul's Old City area, the proposed Kabul - City of Light Development.
Land Use Planning
 Land Use refers to the manner of utilization of land, including its allocation,
development and management.
 Land Use Conversion refers to the act or process of changing the current
use of a piece of agricultural land into some other use.
 MAPS/MAPPING – a graphical representation of a place or particular

phenomena or themes in an area. It is a convenient visual form of spatial
data, their distribution and relationships.
 MAPS/MAPPING – a reduced and simplified model of reality containing

geographic information. It is a graphic depiction of all or part of a
geographic realm where the real-world features have been replaced with
symbols in their correct spatial location at a reduced scale.
Land Use Planning
ELEMENTS OF A MAP
 Map Title – defines the information and purpose of a map.
 Legend – key to the codes and symbols used in a map.
 Date and Author – name of map maker and date of survey or period covered
by it.
 North Arrow – usually, maps are oriented towards the geographic (true) north.
 Geographic Coordinates – geographic grid known as latitudes and
longitudes.
 Latitude (parallels) – distance measured north and south of the equator.
 Longitude (meridians) – distance measured east and west with the
imaginary prime meridian (Greenwich Laboratory in London) as reference
line.
 Scale – ratio distance on the map itself and the corresponding distance on
the ground.
 Graphic Scale – line or bar marked off in graduated distances representing
actual distances on the ground.
 Numerical/Functional- compares map distance with ground distance by
proportional numbers and expressed as a representative fraction or ratio.
Land Use Planning
TYPES OF MAPS
1. GENERAL PURPOSE – shows suite of physical and cultural features at the same
time.
 Reference Map – shows simple properties of map data. Example: world
map, road map, sketch map.
 Base Map – working map for the preparation of various maps.
2. THEMATIC – depicts one single feature of the earth’s surface representing one
or two themes.
 Topographic Map– shows a limited set of features including terrain,
streams, boundaries, and roads.
 Climate Map– gives the prevailing type of rainfall in the area.
 Hydrogeologic Map – shows existing geologic features, rock types and
ground and surface water.
 Slope Map – groups area exhibiting a particular range or degree of
inclination.
 Soil Map – shows the spatial distribution of different soil classification units in
a locality.
 Land Classification Map – categories of land by the Forest Management
Bureau.
Land Use Planning
TYPES OF MAPS
 Population Density Map – shows concentration of population by class

intervals in relation to land area.
 Cadastral Map– public record of land ownership.
 Land Values Map – indicates relative prices and values of land in an area.
 Land Use Map – shows spatial distribution of different land uses.
 General Land Use –distribution of land uses covering the entire town.
 General Land Use Plan –reflects the planned distribution of land uses.
 Urban Land Use Map – distribution of land uses in the urban center.
 Urban Land Use Plan –indicates planned distribution of urban land uses.
 Zoning Map – shows the zones or districts according to present and

potential uses of land.
Land Use Planning
ZONING MAP OF METRO MANILA
Land Use Planning
TYPES OF MAPS
3. ANALYTICAL – illustrates the derived results from the analysis of two or more
variables according to desired outputs.
 Erosion Hazard Map – analysis of soil and slope of an area.
 Flooding Hazard – shows areas where flooding usually occur.
 Land Capability Map – indicates suitability of areas for cultivation.
 Soil Suitability Map – provides information on the degree of soil suitability
for urban development.
 Development Constraints Map – illustrates the obstacles to development in
the physical sense like subsidence, flooding risks, or fault lines.
 Land Management Unit – a land resources inventory map describing the
shape of land in terms of relief, not slope; an input map to land suitability
map.
 Land Suitability Map – classifies land into categories based on the degree
to which the characteristics of the land can satisfy the environmental
requirements of specific crops without deterioration.
Land Use Planning
NATIONAL LAND USE AND ALLOCATION SCHEME
 Land Classification which involves the assessment of unclassified lands under the public
domain which include surveying, classifying, studying and mapping areas into
agricultural, forest or timber, mineral and national parks;
 National government/DENR; congress delineates limits of forest lands and national
parks.
 Land Reclassification is the subsequent classification, allocation and disposition of lands
of the public domain, classified as alienable and disposable into specific uses;
 National government/DENR in coordination with LGUs.
 Land Subclassification is the act of determining and assigning the uses of classified
public lands;
 National government/DENR
 Zoning is the legislative act of delineating areas or districts within the territorial
jurisdictions of cities and municipalities that may be put to specific uses and their
regulation, subject to the limitations imposed by law or competent authority;
 LGUs
 Land Use Conversion is the act of putting a piece or parcel of land into a type of use
other than that for which it is currently being utilized.
 National government/DAR
Land Use Planning
COMMERCIAL AREAS
TYPES OF COMMERCIAL AREAS
 Central Business District (CBD)

1. Major CBD – shopping, service area with largest dept. and variety stores,
specialty shops, business and professional services, hotels, theaters, etc.
2. Minor CBD – market as main feature (types: wholesale market, wet and dry
market); quasi-residential-commercial or mixed use development.
 Commercial Strip – extension of CBD
 Neighborhood Center – local sources of staple and convenience goods and

services; built around supermarket with convenience stores; population
served: 7,500-20,000.
Land Use Planning
 CLUP (Comprehensive Land Use Plan) – prescribes the development pace,
direction and strategies for the optimum use of land resources in a community
as well as its role in provincial and national development.
 HLURB (HOUSING AND LAND USE REGULATORY BOARD) – the planning,
regulatory and quasi-judicial instrumentality of government for land use
development.
 Town Planning and Zoning Assistance Program
 Provide technical assistance in CLUP preparation.
 Identification and zoning of site for socialized housing
 Ratification of land use plans and zoning ordinances
 Real Estate Management Program
 Formulation of design standards and guidelines of subdivisions and
condominiums
 Issuance of Permits and Licenses
 Land Use Enforcement Plan
 Monitoring of all projects issued permits by LGUs and HLURB
 DZA supervision
 Adjudication of complaints
URBAN DESIGN / URBAN PLANNING
 Urban design concerns the arrangement, appearance and functionality of

towns and cities, and in particular the shaping and uses of urban public
space. It has traditionally been regarded as a disciplinary subset of urban
planning, landscape architecture, or architecture and in more recent times
has been linked to emergent disciplines such as landscape urbanism.
 Urban planning designs settlements, from the smallest towns to the largest
cities.
 Urban, city, and town planning is the integration of the disciplines of land use
planning and transport planning, to explore a very wide range of aspects of
the built and social environments of urbanized municipalities and
communities. Regional planning deals with a still larger environment, at a less
detailed level.
CITY vs. URBAN
 City – as defined by RA 7160, a minimum income of P20 M, at least 10,000 has.

In land area or minimum population of 150,000, a political or legal status
granted by the government.
 Highly Urbanized City – at least 200,000 people; income of P50M or more.
 Component City – population & income below that of highly urbanized city.
 Independent Component City – a chartered city with a population and
income below those required for a city but whose charter makes it
independent from the province.
 Urban Area – as defined by NSO: in their entirety, all cities and municipalities
with a density of at least 1000/sq km; central districts (poblaciones) of
municipalities and cities with a density of at least 500/sq km; central districts,
regardless of population size, exhibiting a street pattern or street network, at
least 6 establishments, a town hall, church or chapel, public plaza, park,
cemetery, market; and barangays having at least 1000 people and meeting
the previous conditions.
THE IMAGE OF THE CITY. A collective

image – map or impressions – map of a
city, a collective picture of what
people extract from the physical reality
of a city.
Cities are known to be places where

money, services and wealth are
centralized. Cities are where fortunes
are made and where social mobility is
possible.
THE IMAGE OF THE CITY (elements of a city)
 Pathways – major and minor routes of circulation to move about, the city has
a network of major routes and a neighborhood network of minor routes. An
urban highway network is a network of pathways for a whole city.
 Districts – A city is composed of component neighborhoods or districts; its
center, uptown, midtown, its in-town residential areas, trainyards, factory
areas, suburbs, college campuses, etc.
 Edges – the termination of a district is its edge. Some districts have no distinct
edges at all but gradually taper off and blend into another district. When two
districts are joined at an edge they form a seam.
 Landmarks – the prominent visual features of the city; some are very large and
are seen at great distances; some are very small and can only be seen up
close (street clock, a fountain, or a small statue in a park). Landmarks help in
orienting people in the city and help identify an area.
 Nodes – a center of activity; distinguished from a landmark by virtue of its
active function; it is a distinct hub of activity. Times Square in New York City is
both a landmark and a node.
URBANIZATION AND URBAN SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS
Urbanization, urbanisation or urban drift is the physical growth of urban areas

as a result of global change. Urbanization is also defined by the United
Nations as movement of people from rural to urban areas with population
growth equating to urban migration.
Urbanization is closely linked to modernization, industrialization, and the

sociological process of rationalization. Urbanization can describe a specific
condition at a set time, ie. the proportion of total population or area in cities
or towns, or the term can describe the increase of this proportion over time. So
the term urbanization can represent the level of urban relative to overall
population, or it can represent the rate at which the urban proportion is
increasing.
Example of rapid and expansive urban development in Manila, as opposed to
the slums hidden in shockingly close proximity.
Urbanization is not always attributed to high density. In Manila, the cost of
living has forced residents to live in low quality slums and shanty towns
 Urban sprawl, also known as suburban sprawl, is a multifaceted concept,

which includes the spreading outwards of a city and its suburbs to its outskirts
to low-density and auto-dependent development on rural land, high
segregation of uses (e.g. stores and residential), and various design features
that encourage car dependency.[1] Urban sprawl results in:
 High car dependence
 Inadequate facilities, e.g.: cultural, emergency, health, and so forth
 Low public support for sprawl
 High per-person infrastructure costs
 Inefficient street layouts
 Inflated costs for public transportation
 Lost time and productivity for commuting
 High levels of racial and socioeconomic segregation
 Low diversity of housing and business types
 High rates of obesity
 Less space for conservation and parks
 High per-capita use of energy, land, and water
Urban decay is the process whereby a previously functioning city, or part of a

city, falls into disrepair and decrepitude.
A vacant apartment building in New York City. Much of the city of Camden, New Jersey suffers
from urban decay.
HOUSING & HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PLANNING
HIERARCHY OF SETTLEMENTS
 A hamlet, a neighborhood, a small village.
 A village is a clustered human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet
with the population ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand
(sometimes tens of thousands), Though often located in rural areas, the term
urban village is also applied to certain urban neighbourhoods,
An alpine village in the Lötschental Valley,

A village in central India.
Switzerland
 A community, a town
 A town is a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city. The
size a settlement must be in order to be called a "town" varies considerably in
different parts of the world
Sighnaghi in Georgia, It is one of the country's Çeşme, Turkey a coastal Turkish town with houses
smallest towns. in regional style and an Ottoman Castle.
A city, an urban area.
An urban area is characterized by higher population density and vast human
features in comparison to areas surrounding it. Urban areas may be cities,
towns or conurbations, but the term is not commonly extended to rural
settlements such as villages and hamlets.
Greater Tokyo Area, the world's most populous urban area, with about 35 million people.
 A metropolis.
 Although there is no clear definition or classification of what a metropolis
constitutes, it is a term that is generally used to represent a large city or urban
area. Urban areas of less than one million people are rarely considered
metropolises in contemporary contexts.
New York City, the largest metropolis in the United States

 A conurbation – a composition of cities, metropolises, urban areas.
 A conurbation is a region comprising a number of cities, large towns, and
other urban areas that, through population growth and physical expansion,
have merged to form one continuous urban and industrially developed area.
In most cases, a conurbation is a polycentric urban agglomeration, in which
transportation has developed to link areas to create a single urban labour
market or travel to work area.
Los Angeles Long Beach Riverside

 A megalopolis – merging of two or more metropolises with a population of 10
million or more, a 20th century phenomenon.
 Megalopolis (city type), an extensive metropolitan area or a long chain of
continuous metropolitan areas.
Seoul, South Korea. This is the Gangnam-gu district Tokyo is the World's largest megacity
of Seoul.
ELEMENTS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS (DOXIADIS).
 Nature – the natural physical environment.

 Man – an individual, Homo Sapiens – biological needs (oxygen, nutrition),
sensation and perception (five senses), emotional needs (satisfaction, security,
sense of belonging), moral values.
 Society – a group of individuals sharing the same culture, values, norms,
mores, and traditions.
 Shells – buildings, the built component – housing, hospitals, schools, town halls,
commercial establishments, recreational facilities, industrial buildings, etc.
 Networks – links within the settlement and with other settlements,
transportation systems, communication systems, water supply systems, power
and electrical systems, etc.
HOUSING POLICIES AND PROGRAMS
 HOUSING. The National Shelter Program is implemented by the HUDCC and
other key shelter agencies. The NSP shall guide LGUs on existing housing
policies.
 RA 7279 mandates gov’t agencies to assist LGUs in the planning &
implementation of housing prog.
 RA 7279 requires LGUs to conduct an inventory of lands identifying sites for
socialized housing.
 TYPES OF BUILDINGS (from NSO)

 Single House – an independent structure intended for one household,
separated by open space or walls
 Duplex – a structure intended for 2 households, with complete housing
facilities for each
 Multi-Unit Residential – 3 or more units, intended for residential use only, usually
consisting of 3 or more housing units.
PLANNING SYSTEM
PLANNING ORGANIZATIONS
 Regional Planning  Urban Planning
 NEDA – National Economic  HUDCC – Housing and Urban

Development Authority Development Coordinating Council
 NLUC – National Land Use Committee  HLURB – Housing & Land Use
 RDC – Regional Development Regulatory Board
Council  RLUC – Regional Land Use
 PDC – Provincial Development Committee
Council  M/CDC – Municipal/City
 PLUC – Provincial Land Use Committee Development Council
 Sanggunian Panlalawigan  BDC – Barangay Development
Council
 Sanggunian Panglunsod/Bayan
 Barangay Council
The Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council (HUDCC) was
created by then President Corazon C. Aquino by virtue of Executive Order
No. 90 dated 17 December 1986.
 The Council is composed of the following:
 The Heads of four (4) Key Shelter Agencies (KSAs), namely: the National
Housing Authority (NHA), the Home and Insurance Guaranty Corporation
(HIGC), the National Home Mortgage Finance Corporation (NHMFC), and
the Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB);
 The Heads of three (3) funding agencies, namely: the Social Security System
(SSS), the Government Service Insurance System (GSIS) and the Home
Development Mutual Fund (HDMF);
 The Heads of seven (7) government support agencies, which include
the Presidential Management Staff (PMS), the Department of Finance
(DOF), the Department of Budget and Management (DBM), the National
Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), the Development Bank of
the Philippines (DBP), the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority
(MMDA); and
 Two (2) private sector representatives from Non-Government Organizations
(NGOs) and private developers.
TYPES OF SUBDIVISION
 Subdivision Project – a tract or a parcel of land registered under RA 496 which
is partitioned primarily for residential purposes into individual lot with or without
improvements thereon, and offered to the public for sale, in cash or in
installment terms.
 Condominium Project – the entire parcel of real property divided or to be
divided primarily for residential purposes into condominium units including all
structures thereon.
 Economic and Socialized Housing – housing project for moderately low
income families with lower interest rates and longer amortization periods.
 Open Market Housing – constructed and financed by the private sector as a
business venture and sold at prevailing market prices and interest.
TYPES OF DENSITIES
 Low Density – less than 150 persons per hectare of residential area
 Medium Density – 151 to 250 per ha.
 High Density – more than 250 per ha.
TENURE STATUS OF HOUSE OR LOT

 Owned/Being Amortized – the household is the owner & has the legal
possession of the housing unit
 Rented – occupant pays rent either in cash or in kind
 Occupied for free with consent of owner
 Occupied for free without consent of owner
SITE PLANNING AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
Site Analysis and Site Development
Site analysis is an inventory completed as a preparatory step to site planning, a

form of urban planning which involves research, analysis, and synthesis. It
primarily deals with basic data as it relates to a specific site. The topic itself
branches into the boundaries of architecture, landscape architecture,
engineering, real estate development, economics, and urban planning.
Site planning in landscape architecture and architecture refers to the
organizational stage of the landscape design process. It involves the
organization of land use zoning, access, circulation, privacy, security, shelter,
land drainage, and other factors. This is done by arranging the compositional
elements of landform, planting, water, buildings and paving and building in
site plans.
 Site planning generally begins by assessing a potential site for development
through site analysis. Information about slope, soils, hydrology, vegetation,
parcel ownership, orientation, etc. are assessed and mapped.
Elements:
 Location : The site should be related to major streets or landmarks previously
existing
 Neighborhood context : Zoning of the neighborhood is important and
information of this type can typically be found at the municipal planning
department of the site.
 Size and zoning : Site boundaries can be located by either verifying the
dimensions physically or contacting the county tax assessor’s office. Zoning
classifications, set-backs, height restrictions, allowable site coverage, uses,
and parking requirements are obtained by obtaining zoning classifications
from a zoning map, which can be located from the city planning department.
 Legal : Typical legal information can be obtained from the deed to the
property
Elements:
 Natural physical features : Most of this information will be derived from the
topographic features on the site. A contour map of this magnitude can be
located from the survey engineer.
 Man made features : Features located on the site such as buildings, walls,
fences, patios, plazas, bus stop shelters should be noted.
 Circulation : The uses of streets, roads, alleys, sidewalks, and plazas are
important in this inventory step.
 Utilities : Information for utilities concerning the site can be found through the
utility departments and companies in the local area.
 Sensory : Much of the sensory information collected will be done through first
hand experience. Direct observation of other sensory elements of noise, odors,
smoke, and pollutant areas must also be completed.
Elements:
 Human and cultural : This information can be obtained through census
statistics on the neighborhood. Information regarding these statistics is
available from the local municipal planning agency. This information includes
activities among people on the site and their relationships to these activities.
 Climate : This information can be obtained through the local weather service.
Conditions such as rainfall, snowfall, humidity, and temperature over months
must be considered and analyzed. The sun-path and vertical sun angles
throughout an entire year are important to note.
Landscape Design
Landscape design focuses on both the integrated master landscape planning

of a property and the specific garden design of landscape elements and
plants within it. The practical, aesthetic, horticultural, and environmental
sustainability components merit Landscape design inclusion. Landscape
designers often collaborate with related disciplines such as architecture and
geography, soils and civil engineering, surveying, landscape contracting,
botany, and artisan specialties.
landscape design - artistic composition and artisanship, horticultural finesse and

expertise, and a detailed site involvement emphasis from concepts through
construction
landscape architecture - focus of urban planning, city and regional parks, civic
and corporate landscapes, large scale interdisciplinary projects
SITE PLANNING AND LANDSCAPE
ARCHITECTURE
Landscape architecture is the design of
outdoor and public spaces to achieve
environmental, socio-behavioral, and/or
aesthetic outcomes. It involves the
systematic investigation of existing social,
ecological, and geological conditions and
processes in the landscape, and the design
of interventions that will produce the desired
outcome. The scope of the profession
includes: urban design; site planning; town or
urban planning; environmental restoration;
parks and recreation planning; visual
resource management; green infrastructure Central Park in New York City is an
planning and provision; and private estate example of landscape architecture.
and residence landscape master planning
and design; all at varying scales of design,
planning and management.
SITE PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT CONSIDERATIONS
A. Physical and aesthetic - Site Location, Views, Existing Structures /

Infrastructure, Topography and Slopes, Geology and Soils
B. Ecological – Environment, Natural Vegetation, Hydrology and

Drainage, Microclimate
C. Socio-Psychological – Laws, Legal Constraints, Regulations, Society,

Zoning
D. Management – Administration
E. Maintenance – Safety and Preservation of the building

SITE PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT CONSIDERATIONS
A. Site Planning / Design Process

 Planning and design occur as a  1. Defining the problem
process, by which we mean that 2. Programming and the analysis
they follow a logical sequence of of site and user
actions or events that must be 3. Schematic design and the
carried out to arrive at a viable preliminary cost estimate
solution. 4. Developed design and
 There are several notable detailed costing
models from which we can draw 5. Contract documents
to understand the basic 6. Bidding and contracting
components of the site planning 7. Construction
and design process. Kevin Lynch 8. Occupation and management
outlines an eight-stage site (Lynch 11)
planning cycle (see Fig. 1) that
includes:
SITE PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
 John Simonds outlines a six-phase planning-design process that

applies to architecture, landscape architecture, and
engineering. This process is organized as follows:
1. Commission
2. Research
3. Analysis
4. Synthesis
5. Construction
6. Operation (Simonds 128-129)
Most process models can be divided into three general activities:
a. Research (Program Development, Site Inventory)
b. Analysis (Site Analysis)
c. Synthesis (Conceptual Design, Preliminary Design, and Site

Plan/Master Plan)
GOD BLESS
&
G O O D LUCK! !!

Principles of Planning

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Principles of Planning

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Prepared by

Arch. Menandro B. Gawan

 Urban & Regional Planning

 Housing & Human Settlements Planning

 The Art and Science of Site Planning and

Definitions & Classifications

Planning is a process of creating or maintaining a plan consideration.

 Planning is a process for accomplishing purposes. It is a blue print of

 Planning in general is a thinking and social process. Intellectual thought

 Principle is a law or rule that has to be, or usually is to be followed, or can

 SOCIAL PLANNING – refers to those activities concerned with planning, development,

 ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING – refers to activities concerned with the management and

 P. D. 1308: ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING PRACTICE (March 2, 1977)

Some of the main elements of present day environmental planning are:

Map of Piraeus, the port of Athens, showing the grid plan

MEDIEVAL ERA TOWN DESIGN

FROM MEDIEVAL TO RENAISSANCE ERA

RENAISSANCE – EARLY DEVELOPMENTS

RENAISSANCE – LEONARDO DA VINCI

RENAISSANCE – REBUILDING ROME

RENAISSANCE – BUILDING GROUPS

RENAISSANCE – THE CAMPIDOGLIO

RENAISSANCE – URBAN PLAZAS:

MODERN CONCEPTS – RENEWED ATTITUDE

THE CONSERVATIONISTS AND THE PARK

THE GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT

Ebenezer Howard's 3 magnets diagram which addressed

First Garden City Heritage Museum, Letchworth

THE CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT

 CITY AS A WHOLE -- Daniel Burnham –

Axial plan of The Mall, Washington, D.C.: the Reflecting Pool

From Thomas Saaty, 1985

 A town accomplishes common goals through informal agreements between

Makati The Financial Capital of the

Towns and cities have a long history,

This woodcut shows Nuremberg as a prototype of

City grows in a radial expansion from center to form circles

 • The central business district (CBD)

SECTOR THEORY. By Homer Hoyt, an economist, in 1939. Hoyt examined the

Pulls growth of entire in same direction

MULTIPLE NUCLEI THEORY (Polycentric). Developed by two geographers

The process is historical due to certain highly specialized activities, certain

Cities grow around several district nuclei

MULTIPLE NUCLEI THEORY (Polycentric).

INVERSE CONCENTRIC ZONE THEORY. The preceding three theories apply

 AICP – American Institute of Certified Planners

 Theory - is a technical term from Ancient Greek. It is derived from “theoria”,

 Demographics - or demographic data are the characteristics of a human

In philosophy in general, rationalism is the foundation and embodiment of the

This theory – which was espoused by Charles Lindbloom in The Science of

Planning is seen as less of a scientific technique and more of a mixture of

Incrementalism very accurately describes what actually occurs in most

Like incrementalism, transactivism does not view planning purely as a scientific

Transactivism espouses planning as a decentralized function based on face-

Transactivism is roughly behavioralist-style planning.

Advocacism abandons the objective, non-political view of planning

• Paul Davidoff was an early champion of advocacy planning. He argued that

• Saul Alinsky developed an advocacist vision of planning that is centered

In a sense, radicalism takes transactivism to its logical extreme. Radicalism

It argues that planning is most effective when it is performed by non-

Utopianism believes that planning is most effective when it proposes sweeping

Methodism addresses situations in which the planning techniques that should

Methodism views planning techniques as ends into themselves.