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Waveform distortion
Presence of non-linear loads drawing non-sinusoidal
current
Distorted current waveform
Comprises of multitude of harmonic components (integer
multiples of fundamental frequency)
Half-wave symmetry – only odd harmonics present
Harmonic current flows through system impedance
producing harmonic voltage distortions
Magnitude of harmonic currents
Size of the system impedance at harmonic frequency
Typically more distorted nearer to non-linear loads (if there is no
resonance condition)
+ High
Frequency
Vac Switching Vdc
and Voltage
Control
-
50
40
30
20
10
0
y
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
DC bus capacitor
High frequency Va
Vb C M
output Vc
6-pulse converter -
6k1 harmonic orders
200
150
100
50
0
y
-50
-100
-150
-200
Higher percentage of Vb C M
Vc
harmonics
e.g. with 60
250
200
150
100
50
0
y
-50
-100
-150
-200
-250
deceleration
Fairly rectangular in Va
Vb M
shape Vc
Lower harmonics
60
IsaH
40
50.0
20
0
y
-20
-40
-60
0.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
A [5] 9.0994
Nov 2004 PSCAD Transient Simulation for Power Quality Analysis 6
Partially loaded CSI
Large firing angle under light load condition or when
drive is overrated
Current waveform becomes less rectangular
Harmonics largely unchanged even fundamental
component is significantly lower
60
40
IsaH
20
50.0
0
y
-20
-40
-60
0.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
A [5] 8.1950
Neutral overloaded by
3x triplen harmonics
Nov 2004 PSCAD Transient Simulation for Power Quality Analysis 9
60
40
20
0
y
-20
-40
-60
Iphase A, star
50
25
y
-25
-50
Ineutral
1.50
1.25
1.00
0.75
0.50
0.25
y
0.00
-0.25
-0.50
-0.75
Iphase A, delta
Nov 2004 PSCAD Transient Simulation for Power Quality Analysis 10
Transformer winding effect on triplen
Separate neutrals
Shunt filter / zigzag
transformer with low zero
sequence impedance
Series blocking filter Separate neutral for each phase, avoiding
the summation of triplen at shared neutral
Zig-zag transformer
provides alternative Blocking filter at neutral reduces
path of triplen triplen harmonic currents
harmonic current
y
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
50
40
30
20
10
0
y
-10
-20
-30
-40
-10
-20
-30
-40
0.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Shunt zig-zag transformer
[3] 0.3480
100
V1H
50
500.0
0
y
-50
-100
-150
Main : Graphs
I1a
6.0 I2H
4.0 50.0
2.0
0.0
y
-2.0
-4.0
-6.0
Main : Graphs
I3a
150
100
50
y
-50
-100
-150
I3H
50.0
0.0
Nov 2004 PSCAD Transient Simulation for Power Quality Analysis
A
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
16
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
[11] 18.6707
Parallel and series resonances
Resonance occurs when inductive reactance equal to
capacitive reactance at or near a characteristic harmonic
frequency
Parallel resonance involving supply system and
substation capacitors
Series resonance made up of distribution transformer
and PF improvement capacitors
Xsys
Xc-sys
Xc
Underlying concerns
Large harmonic currents
Harmonic current flow path is too long
System resonance magnifies one or more harmonics
Result in over-loading, high voltage distortion and interferences
Solution working principles
Reduce harmonic currents from the source
Shorten the path of harmonic current flow by introducing
alternative path that is shorter (lower impedance)
Modify system response frequency to be away from typical
(characteristic) harmonic frequencies
Divert harmonic current from over-loaded equipment
3500
3000
2500
|Ztotal| ()
2000
1500
Harmonic currents
trapped by shunt filters
1000
500
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0.100
0.050
0.150 0.000
kA
0.100 -0.050
0.050 -0.100
0.000 -0.150
kA
Ndc
-0.050
ComBus
-0.100
AM
-0.150
2.5
1 3 5 GM
A A A A A
0.02 [MVA]
0.002 Va PI / 180
B B B B B Pi by 180
#1 #2
0.035
Vb
C C C 0.2 0.2 C C AO *
Vc
4 6 2 KB
Idc
#1
ISa
0.2
0.02 [MVA]
ISa
Ia Ia
ISb ISb
0.2
Ib Ib
#2
ISc ISc
Ic
C
A
Ic
system
C
currents A P
0.002
0.002
0.002
VFdc
0.1 1 3 5
0.001
IFa 2 2 2
0.001
G1 G3 G5
0.1
0.001 Simplification:
IFb a dc source has been put in the
0.1 0.001 place of dc capacitor, it has
simplified a control system of
IFc
4 6 2 active filter
0.060 2 2 2
G4 G6 G2
0.040
IFb IFb
-0.020
-0.040
IFc IFc
-0.060
Active
impedance PWM VSI
0.00026300.0
0.00026300.0
0.00026300.0
'A New Approach to Harmonic Compensation Graph Page
0.0012 340.0
0.0012 340.0
0.0012 340.0
0.0012 170.0
0.0012 170.0
0.0012 170.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
0.050 in Power Systems - A Combined System of Shunt
0.000 Passive and Series Active Filters', IEEE Trans. on Ind.Applications,
kA
IFa
IFb
IFc
ISb ISb ComBus Ndc
#1
AM
ISc ISc
2.5
#2
Na 1 3 5 GM
A A A A A
0.02 [MVA]
0.0001 Va
B Nb B B B B
#1 #2
0.035
Isrc
Vb
#1
VAFa
C Nc C C 0.2 0.2 C C AO 0.01745329
*
Vc
#2
4 6 2 KB
0.001
Idc
Itg
#1
Simplification: 0.150
VAFb a dc source has been put in the
0.100
#2
kA
IFdc -0.050 Ia Ia
-0.100
VAFc
Ic Ic
0.001
1 3
2 2
g1 g4 load VaRef
currents
VcRef
Iaf *
0.001
-1.0
1
VbRef
2
VaRef
4 2 * 3
-1.0
IbAF
2 2 4
g4 g1 VcRef
5
VbRef
* 6
0.33 -1.0
control system of active filter: H_on
generation of triangular waveforms
synchronized with system ac voltage
VaRef
*
0.001
-1.0
VcRef
VbRef
2 2 Va *
2
g3 g6 Va -1.0
Phase- Modulo 3
theta VaRef
Vb Locked * 4
VcRef
Vb 360.0 *
Loop 5
-1.0
Vc 300.0 6
Vc VbRef H_off
4 2
IcAF
2 2
g6 g3
0.33 1
2
3
4
0.001
Dblck 2 g1
5 (1)
1 3 6
2 2 TrgOn H_on 6 2 g2
H (2)
g5 g2
ON
TrgOn 6 2 g3
1 L (3)
2
H_off 6 2 g4
3 H (4)
4 2 4 OFF
2 2 TrgOff 6 2 g5
g2 g5 5 L (5)
6
Nov 2004 PSCAD Transient Simulation for Power Quality Analysis TrgOff
(6)
2 g6
23