GEOGRAPHY

By: Ms. May-Ann S. Cahilig

• Map projections used by
cartographers are grouped into two
major categories – those that
preserve a specific property and
those that use a specific type of
projection surface. There are four
classes of projection types that
preserves a property. They are the
conformal, equivalent, equidistant
and azimuthal projections.
•Aconformal projection is one that
preserves an area’s local angles and
shapes, while an equivalent projection
shows areas in proportional size
(Chang, 2012). An equidistant
projection is based on a consistent
scale along specific lines and an
azimuthal projection maintains
accurate directions (Chang, 2012).
 MERCATOR PROJECTION
• The Mercator projection is a cylindrical map
projection presented by the Flemish geographer and
cartographer Gerardus Mercator in 1569. It became the
standard map projection for nautical navigation because of its
ability to represent lines of constant course, known as rhumb
lines or loxodromes, as straight segments that conserve the
angles with the meridians. Although the linear scale is equal in
all directions around any point, thus preserving the angles and
the shapes of small objects (making it a conformal map
projection), the Mercator projection distorts the size of objects
as the latitude increases from the Equator to the poles, where
the scale becomes infinite. So, for example, landmasses such
as Greenland and Antarctica appear much larger than they
actually are, relative to landmasses near the equator such as
Central Africa.
IMAGES OF MERCATOR MAP
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
/Mercator_projection#/med
ia/File:Mercator_1569.png
(showing latitudes 66°S to
80°N- Mercator 1569 world
map)
• https://upload.wikimedia.or
g/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/
Mercator_projection_SW.jpg
CYLINDRICAL MAP PROJECTIONS

• Cylindrical map projections are one way of portraying the

Earth. This kind of map projection has straight coordinate lines
with horizontal parallels crossing meridians at right angles. All
meridians are equally spaced and the scale is consistent along
each parallel. Cylindrical map projections are rectangles, but
are called cylindrical because they can be rolled up and their
edges mapped in a tube, or cylinder. The only factor that
distinguishes different cylindrical map projections from one
another is the scale used when spacing the parallel lines on
the map.
CONIC MAP PROJECTIONS

• include the equidistant conic projection, the Lambert conformal

conic, and Albers conic.
• These maps are defined by the cone constant, which dictates the
angular distance between meridians. These meridians are
equidistant and straight lines which converge in locations along the
projection regardless of if there’s a pole or not.
• Conic map projections are designed to be able to be wrapped
around a cone on top of a sphere (globe), but aren’t supposed to
be geometrically accurate.
• http://lazarus.elte.hu/cet/modules/guszlev/conic.htm
 AZIMUTHAL MAP PROJECTION
• The azimuthal map projection is angular- given three points on a map (A, B, and
C) the azimuth from Point B to Point C dictates the angle someone would have to
look or travel in order to get to A. These angular relationships are more
commonly known as great circle arcs or geodesic arcs. The main features of
azimuthal map projections are straight meridian lines, radiating out from a
central point, parallels that are circular around the central point, and equidistant
parallel spacing. Light paths in three different categories (orthographic,
stereographic, and gnomonic) can also be used. Azimuthal maps are beneficial for
finding direction from any point on the Earth using the central point as a
reference.
LAMBERT AZIMUTHAL EQUAL-AREA
PROJECTION
TOURISM IN (YOUR COUNTRY)
• Tell about the points of
interest in your country that
people from other countries
may be interested in visiting.