1.

PASSIVE COMPONENTS
-can’t supply energy themselves
-can’t introduce/generate energy

2. ACTIVE COMPONENTS
-can generate energy/inject power into
the circuit
PASSIVE COMPONENTS:
Resistors
Capacitors
Inductors
Transformers
Interface components

ACTIVE COMPONENTS:
Diodes
Transistors
Integrated Circuits (IC)
 PASSIVE COMPONENTS

resistor capacitor inductor

transformer interface components

 ACTIVE COMPONENTS

diode transistor

Integrated circuit (IC)

 It is used to limit/oppose/resist the flow of
current or divide voltage
 It is a component with a known value of
resistance
 It is measured in OHMS (Ω) and is
represented by letter ‘R’
 Each resistor has 2 main characteristics:
1. its resistance value in ohms
2. its power dissipating capacity in watts
 2 CLASSIFICATION OF RESISTORS

1. FIXED RESISTORS
- it is a single value resistance, that
remains the same under normal condition

2. VARIABLE RESISTORS
- a resistor with an adjustable resistance
- it is used when it is necessary to change
the amount of resistance in a circuit
 FIXED RESISTORS

carbon composition wire wound resistor

resistor

resistor network

Metal film resistor

surface mount resistors
 VARIABLE RESISTORS

Potentiometer rheostat

Preset

trimmer
 RESISTOR POWER RATING
Power rating of resistors changes with their sizes, the bigger the
resistor the greater the wattage, and the smaller the resistor the
lesser the wattage.

1/8 w
¼w
½w
1w
2w
 Manufacturers typically use a color band system
known as the resistor color code

 The power rating is not indicated in the resistor

color code and must be determined by
experience using the physical size of the resistor
as a guide.

 For resistors with 5% or 10% tolerance, the

color code consists of 4 color bands.

 For resistors with 1% or 2% tolerance, the color

code consists of 5 bands
 The resistor nominal value is encoded in the color code.
The template for determining the nominal value and
tolerance of a resistor with 4 color bands is given below:

1st Band = 2nd Band = 3rd Band = 4th Band =

1st Significant Digit 2nd Significant Digit Multiplier Tolerance

___ ___  _____   ____ %

Answer: Using the Resistor Color Code Table
Solution:
Brown =1 Black =0 Red =100 Gold = 5%

1 ___
___ 0  ____
100   ____
5 %

Nominal value = 10102

= 1,000

Tolerance = 5%.
 Yellow =4 Orange =3 Gold = 5%
Solution: Violet =7

4 ___ 1000
7  ______ 5 %
___   ____
Resistor nominal value = 47103
= 47,000
= 47k. Tolerance = 5%
 Minimum resistance value:
Multiply the nominal value by the tolerance and then subtract
this from the nominal value:

* 0.05x47k  2.35k
* 47k  2.35k  44.65k
 Maximum resistance value:
Multiply the nominal value by the tolerance and then add this to the
nominal value:

* 47kx0.05  2.35k
* 47k  2.35k  49.35k
 Orange =3 Green =5 Silver = 10%
Solution: Black =0

0  __________
3___ ___ 100000 10 %
  ____
Resistor nominal value = 30105
= 3,000,000
= 3 M. Tolerance = 10%
 Minimum resistance value:
nominal value – nominal value * tolerance:

* 0.1x3M  0.3M
* 3M  0.3M  2.7M
 Maximum resistance value:
nominal value + nominal value * tolerance:

* 0.1x3M  0.3M
* 3M  0.3M  3.3M
  For resistors with 1% or 2% tolerance, the color code
consists of 5 bands.
 The template for 5-band resistors is:

1st Band = 2nd Band = 3rd Band = 4th Band = 5th Band =
1st Significant 2nd Significant 3rd Significant Multiplier Tolerance
Digit Digit Digit

___ ___ ___  _______   ____ %

Solution:

Brown = 1 Black =0 Black = 0 Brown = 10 Red =  2%

1 0  ______
0 ___ 2
10   ____
___ ___ %
Resistor nominal value = 100101
= 1,000
= 1k. Tolerance = 2%
 Blue = 6 Gray = 8 Black = 0 Orange = 3 Brown =  1%

Solution: 6 8 0 1000 1 %
___ ___ ___  _______   ____
Resistor nominal value = 680103
= 680,000
= 680k. Tolerance = 1%
 A question that often arises when reading the color
code of real resistors is: how do I determine which
side of a resistor do I read from?

Answer:

 For 4-band resistors a gold or silver band is always

the last band.

 If the resistor has 5 bands or if there is no tolerance

band (20%), then the first band is the one located
closest to a lead.
We are given the nominal value and the tolerance and we have
to come up with the color code.

4-Band Resistors
1. Resistors with 5% and 10% Tolerance will have 4-bands

2. Convert nominal value to ohms ()

3. 1st digit (from left to right) of nominal value = 1st color band

4. 2nd digit of nominal value = 2nd band

5. Number of zeros remaining = 3rd (multiplier) band

6. Tolerance = 4th band

 Example 6. Specify the color code of a resistor with nominal
value of 27k and a tolerance of 10%.
Solution:
1) Since resistor Tolerance = 10% it will have 4-bands.

2) Convert the nominal resistance value to  from k.

27,000 
Red = 2 Violet = 7 Orange = 3 10%
 Example 7. Specify the color code of a resistor with nominal
value of 1.5k and a tolerance of 5%.
Solution:
1) Since resistor Tolerance = 5% it will have 4-bands.

2) Convert the nominal resistance value to  from k.

1,500 
Brown = 1 Green = 5 5%
Red = 2
5-Band Resistors
1. Resistors with 1% and 2% Tolerance will have 5-bands

2. Convert nominal value to ohms ()

3. 1st digit (from left to right) of nominal value = 1st color band

4. 2nd digit of nominal value = 2nd band

5. 3rd digit of nominal value = 3rd band

6. Number of zeros remaining = 4th (multiplier) band

7. Tolerance = 5th band

 Example 8. Specify the color code of a resistor with nominal
value of 2.5M and a tolerance of 1%.
Solution:
1) Since resistor Tolerance = 1% it will have 5-bands.

2) Convert the nominal resistance value to  from M.

2,500,000
Red = 2 Green = 5
Black = 0 Yellow = 4 1%