CONSTRUCTING

THE ROADBED
SOIL AS
STRUCTURE
 1. SUB-GRADE or SUB-BASE
Defined as the “Supporting structure on
which the pavement surface and its special
under-courses rest.”
The earth beneath the road, properly
arranged and graded, compacted and stabilized.
 2. BASE COURSE
The materials laid o top of the sub-grade
consisting of crushed stone or gravel,
sometimes mixed with asphalt binders.
 3. PAVEMENT
The material laid over the base coarse
consisting of Asphalt Concrete or Portland
Cement Concrete.
TYPES OF BASE
COURSE
GRANULAR BASE COURSE (Untreated
Soil Mixture)
“Gravel road”
Consists largely of stone pebbles or
crushed rock particles combined with
either; clay, lime, iron oxide, or other fine
materials sufficient enough to serve as
binder of the coarse particles.
1. The road must be stable. It must support the superimposed
loads without detrimental deformation.
2. It must be resistant against various traffic activities and
must withstand the abrasive action of traffic.
3. Water penetrating the subgrade might soften it and may
cause loss of surface stability, thus, it must shed a large
portion of rain that falls on the surface.
4. It must be free of large rocks or stones over one inch in
diameter so that it could be regularly maintained by
blading or dragging.
5. It must possess capillarity properties in amount
that it sufficient enough to replace the moisture
lost through surface evaporation.
6. In dry weather, the moisture film on the clay
particles should bind the entire mass together,
and in wet weather, the first rain that falls on
the surface should expand the clay and close
the pores to prevent water from entering and
softening the materials.
7. Care should be exercised to prevent excessive
amount of highly expansive clay because clay
will swell and unseat the coarser materials
when wetted and ultimately wil weaken the
road structure.
8. It must be low cost.
9. Local materials must be stabilized.
TREATED BASE
COURSE
 1. SAND & ASPHALT BASE COURSE
Composed of either loose beach sand,
dune pit pr river sand cemented with asphalt
materials.
Sand for mixing asphalt should be clean
& strong to resist displacement under load.
 2. FINE GRAIN ASPHALT BASE
An asphalt stabilized base and sub-grade
constructed with fine grained
3. SOIL AND BASE COURSE STABILIZED
WITH CEMENT
Cement stabilization by mixing natural
materials and Portland cement compacted at
optimum moisture content and cured to
hydrate the cement considerably strong and
stable base.
 Stabilized cement mixture is called “Soil
Cement”

Types:
1. Sandy and gravelly soils containing less than 25%
silt & clay
2. Sand with lesser amount of fines like beach sand,
glacial, and windlown sand.
3. Silty and Clayey Soils.
GRADING AND
MAINTENANCE OF
UNTREATED SURFACE
The cross slope of untreated surface or gravel road
must not be sufficient enough to drain water to
prevent potholes and softening of the roadway, thus:
1. If the road materials are sufficiently stable and
water tight, ¼ inch per foot slope is considered
satisfactory although 3/8 to ½ inch per foot
slope is preferred.
2. If the road is on steep grade, a substantial cross
slope is needed to direct the water into the
roadside.
The sequence of improvement could be as
follows:

• First: -It might be an earth road surface

• Second: -Untreated Gravel Road
• Third: -Application of Asphalt over the gravel
• Fourth: -The use of stone type of pavement
with gravel as part of the base course.
The maintenance of a gravel road surface is a routine case by
maintaining the smoothness of the surface under the following
manner:
1. By cutting off thin layer of the surface using a motor grader
distributing the scraped layer uniformly over the roadway
surfaces.
2. The cut should be deep enough to remove the corrugations
of the road surface.
3. The blading sequence ranges from once or twice a year to
monthly or weekly depending upon the finances, traffic
and equipment availability.
4. The most effective routine maintenance is done immediately after
a rain where the surface is soft for the sblade or drag.
5. After blading, compaction is necessary, but the cross section
slope or the crown of the roadway should be maintained.
6. Losses of materials caused by grading and traffic wear generally
ranges from ½ inch to one inch of the thickness per year
although it varies depending upon the traffic volume, type,
rainfall, wind intensity and frequency, maintenance practice or
habit.
7. The compaction is better done with the use of pneumatic tired or
wheeled rollers. Where surface is tight and non-variable
sealing maybe omitted.
DPWH STANDARD
SPECIFICATIONS ON
AGGREGATE SUB-BASE
COURSE
ITEM 200
 The DPWH classify the aggregate Subbase Course as Item -200
which consist of furnishing, placing and compacting an aggregate sub-base
course on a prepared subgrade in accordance with the plans and
Specifications.

Material requirements:
1. The aggregate for subbase shall consist of hard, durable particles of
fragments of crushed stone, crushed slag or crushed or natural
gravel and filler or natural crushed sand or other firmly divided
mineral matter. The composite material shall be free from vegetable
matter and lumps or balls of clay and shall be such nature that it can
be composed readily to form a firm stable base.
Conditions:

1. The fraction passing 0.075 mm (No. 200) sieve shall not be greater
than 0.666 (two thirds) of the fraction passing the 0.425 mm (No.
4) sieve.
2. The fraction passing the 0.425 mm. (No. 40) sieve shall have a liquid
limit not greater than 12 as determined by AASHTO T-89 and T-90
respectively.
3. The coarse portion retained on a 2.00 mm (No. 10) sieve shall have a
mass percent of wear not exceeding 50 by the Los Angeles
Abrasion Tests as determined by AASHTO T-193. The CBR value
shall be obtained at the maximum dry density as determined by
AASHTO to 180, method D.
ITEM 201
Conditions:

1. The fraction passing the 0.075 mm (No. 200) sieve shall not be
greater than 0.66 (two thirds) of the fraction passing the 0.425
mm (No. 40) sieve.
2. The fraction passing the 0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve shall have a
liquid limit not greater than 25 and plasticity index not greater
than 6.
3. The coarse portion retained on a 2.00 mm (No. 10) sieve shall
have a mass percent of wear not exceeding 50 by LAA Test
AASHTO T-96.
4. The material passing the 19 mm (3/4’’) sieve shall have a soaked
CBR value of not less than 80% AASHTO T-193.
ITEM 202
Materials Requirements

1. The portion passing the 0.075 mm (No. 200) sieve shall not be
greater than 0.66 or two thirds of the portion passing the 0.425 mm.
(No. 40) sieve.
2. The portion passing the 0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve shall have a liquid
limit of not more than 25 and plasticity index of not more than 6.
3. The coarse aggregate retained on 2.00 mm (No. 10) sieve shall have
a mass percent of wear not exceeding 45 by LA Abrasion Test and
not less than 50 mass percent shall have at least one (1) fractured
face.
4. The material passing the 19 mm (3/4’’) sieve shall have a minimum
soaked CBR value of 80% tested by AASHTO T-193.
 ITEM 203
Lime Stabilized Road Mix
Base Course
 This item consist of a foundation for a surface
course composed of soil aggregate, lime and water in
proper proportion mixed on site and constructed on a
prepared sub-grade or sub-base.
Material Requirements

1. Soil aggregate refers to the combination of gravel, sand, silt and clay
or other approved combination of materials free from vegetable or
other objectionable matter.
2. It might be material encountered in the construction site or obtained
from other approved sources.
3. The intent of the specification is to utilize soils exiting on the roadbed
if the quality is satisfactory and at the same instance minimizing
cost.
4. If the quality of the material is poor or deficient, the soil aggregate
must be obtained wholly or partially from an approved outside
sources.
Conditions:

1. The plasticity Index should not be less than 4 nor more than 10.
2. The aggregate mass percent of water should not exceed 50
(AASHTO T-96 requirements).
3. Salvage soil aggregate to be used for stabilized road mix base course
must consist of materials meeting the requirements of soil
aggregate.
4. Hydrated lime shall conform to the requirement of construction lime
Item 701. The amount of ,ime to be added to the soil aggregate
shall be from 3 to 12 mass percent of the dry soil.
5. Lime shall not be applied during windy, rainy or impending bad
weather.
6. The equipment to be used shall include scarifying, pulverizing, mixing,
spreading, hauling, watering, finishing and compacting equipment
including a slurry liMe distributor equipment.
Pulverizing is an innovative and cost-effective method of
reconstructing failed asphalt.
7. Distributor equipment must include pressure gauge, accurate volume
measuring devices or a calibrated tank. It shall be equipped with a
power unit for the pump and full circulation spray bars adjustable
laterally and vertically and also agitator to prevent setting of solid
lime.
PREPARATION OF
THE SOIL
AGGREGATE
Case I – For New Soil Aggregate
1. The existing roadbed shall be scarified lightly, and bladed to
uniform grade as shown on the cross section of the plans
then rolled or watered and rolled.
2. Depressions on the surface shall be filled, and the weak
portion of the road bed shall be strengthened with new
soil aggregates.
3. Allow one day for measuring, sampling and testing of the
sample for approval of the quality and gradation before
the windrow is spread for application of the hydrated lime.
4. If soil aggregate moisture exceed 2 mass percent of
the dry aggregate, apply aeration by harrowing the
soil aggregate until the moisture content is
reduced to 2% or less.
5. Finally, spread the aggregate smoothly and uniformly
over half the road or other convenient width of the
surface ready for the application of hydrated lime.
Case II – Salvage Soil Aggregate
1. When the materials in the site are to be used for mixing, the
surface shall be scarified lightly and bladed to uniform grade
conforming to the cross section as shown on plans.
2. The reshaped surface is then scarified again to a depth
required, leaving a foundation of undistributed material
parallel both in profile and in cross section.
3. The loosened materials are bladed aside into a windrow at the
side of the road. The undistributed materials are then rolled,
or watered and rolled as directed.
MIXING
1. After the last lime application and partial mixing, the entire mass of the mixture
is withdrawn on the road surface and then mixed by blading mixture from
side to side of the road, or by manipulation producing equivalent results
until the whole mass has a uniform color. The mixture shall be free from fat
or lean spots or balls of unmixed particles.
2. Should the mixture show an excess of deficiency or uneven distribution of lime,
the condition must be corrected by adding soil aggregate or lime as
required, then remixed.
3. If the mixture contains excessive amount of water or volatile matter, as maybe
encountered in slurry operation, it should be bladed, aerated or
manipulated until the moisture and volatile content becomes satisfactory.
4. Whether mixing is completed or not, all loosed materials are bladed into a
windrow at the end of each day’s work and retained as such until
operations resumes.
 SPREADING,
COMPACTING, &
FINISHING
The methods of spreading, compacting and finishing are as follows:
1. The materials are spread by self-propelled pneumatic tired
blade grader or mechanical spreader of approved type.
Cutting into the underlying course must be avoided.
2. After spreading, the surface is leveled to the road centerline,
then at the outer edges of the road overlapping the
shoulders, and finally, toward the center. T=rolling of super
elevated curves shall progress from the lower to the upper
edge.
3. Each pass shall terminate at least .90 m. advance or to the rear of
the end of the preceding pass.
4. During compaction, the surface is dragged or bladed as
necessary to fill and remove incipient corrugation or other
surface irregularities.
5. Rolling must continue until the surface is of uniform texture
and satisfactory compaction is obtained.
6. Rolling must be stopped whenever there is excessive
pulverizing of the aggregate or displacement of the
mixture.
PROTECTION &
CURING
MAINTENANCE
After the lime-stabilized base course has been finished, it shall
be protected against rapid drying for a period of at least 5 days
by either of the following curing methods:

1. Thorough and continuous moist condition must be

maintained by sprinkling water.
2. The surface must be covered with a 50 mm layer of earth of
sand and maintained in moist condition.
3. The surface must be applied with asphalt membrane of the
type and quantity approved by the highway agency.
 ITEM 204
Portland Cement Stabilized
Road Mix Base Course
 Consist of a foundation for surface course composed of soil
aggregate, portland cement, and water in proper proportions of road-
mixed and constructed on a prepared subgrade or subbase.

Proportioning Mixture

1. The amount of cement added to the soil aggregate shall be 6 to 10

mass percent of the dry soil.

2. Construction requirement and procedures shall be the same as that

of Item 203. In all cases, the word “Lime” shall be replaced with
portland cement.
 ITEM 205
Asphalt Stabilized Road
Mixed Base Course
Materials: Asphaltic materials shall be anionic or
cationic emulsion asphalt of the slow setting type.

Mixture Proportions: The amount of asphaltic

material to be added to the soil aggregate shall
be from 4 to 7 mass percent of the dry soil
aggregate.
 ITEM 206
Portland Cement Treated
Plant Mix Base Course
 This Item shall consist of a foundation for
surface course composed of aggregate,
Portland Cement and water in proper
proportions, mixed by a travel plant or in a
central plant and spread and compacted on a
prepared subgrade/subbase in one or more
layers.
A. Travel Plant Method:
The salvaged or new soil aggregate are
pulverized until at least 80 mass percent of all
materials other than stone or gravel will pass a 4.75
mm (No. 4) sieve. Any material retained on a 50 mm
(2 inches) sieve and other unsuitable materials must
be removed.(2 inches) sieve and other unsuitable
materials must be removed.
Procedures for the travel plant method:

1. The soil aggregate to be treated are placed in a uniform

windrow spread to a uniform thickness to the required
depth.
2. Portland cement of proper quantity is applied uniformly in a
trench on top of the windrows or spread uniformly over
the soil aggregates.
3. Mixing is done by machine so that the cement and soil
aggregate is thoroughly blended.
4. When this method is used, a maximum time of 2 hours is
allowed for wet mixing, lay down and finishing.
B. Central Plant Method:
The plant must be equipped with feeding and
metering devices which will introduce the cement
soil aggregate and water into the mixer in the
quantities specified. Mixing should continue until
uniform mixture has been obtained.
C. Spreading, Compacting and Finishing:
Not more than 60 minutes should elapse
between the start of mixing and the time of starting
compaction of the spread mixture.
After spreading, the mixture is compacted and
finished in accordance with the procedure as
enumerated for lime stabilized road mix base course
item 203.
CLEARING AND
GRUBBING
 Clearing and grubbing is classified under item
100 of the DPWH Standard Specification. It consists
of clearing, grubbing, removing and disposing of all
vegetable matter and debris except those objects
that are designated to remain in place or are to be
removed in consonance with other provisions of the
specifications. It also includes the preservation from
injury or defacement of all objects designated to
remain.
1. “All surface objects and all trees, stumps, roots and other
protruding obstructions, not designated to remain shall be cleared
and/or grubbed including mowing as required as provided below:
a. Removal of undisturbed stumps and roots and non-
perishable solid objects with a minimum of .90 m. below sub-
grade or slope of embankments will not be required.
b. Outside the grading limits of cut and embankment areas,
stumps and non-perishable solid objects shall be cut off not more
than .15 m. above the ground line or below water level.
c. Grubbing of pits, channel changes and ditches will be
required only to the depth necessary by the proposed
excavation within such areas.
 d. In areas covered by cogon/talahib, wild grass
and other vegetations, top soil shall be cut to a
maximum depth of 150 mm below the original ground
surface or as designated by the Engineer, and disposed
outside the clearing and grubbing limits

2. Burning should be under the constant care of

competent watchman that the surrounding vegetation,
adjacent property, or anything designated to remain on the
right of way will not be jeopardized.
Method of Measurement

1. Area Basis – By hectare and fractions thereof acceptably cleared and grubbed.
2. Lump Sum Basis – No measurement of area will be made for such an items.
3. Individual unit Basis – The diameter of trees will be measured at a height of 1.4
m. above the ground. Trees less than .15 m. (6”) in diameter will not be
measured for payment.

The unit basis will be designated and measured in accordance with the following
schedule of sizes:

Diameter at height 1.4 m. - pay item Designated

Over 150 mm to 900 mm - small
Over 900 mm - large
EXCAVATION
 Excavation is the process of loosening and removing earth
or rock from its original position in a cut and transporting it to a
fill or to a waste deposit.

1. The removal of earth, usually to allow the construction of a

foundation or basement.

2. The hole resulting from such removal.

 ROADWAY
EXCAVATION
 Unclassified Excavation is the
excavation and disposal of all materials
regardless of its nature, or not classified
and included in the Bill of quantities under
other pay items.
 Rock Excavation consists of igneous,
sedimentary and metamorphic rocks which
cannot excavated without lasting or the use of
rippers and all boulders or other detached
stones each having a volume of 1 cubic meter
or more as determined by physical
measurement or visually by the Engineer.
 Common Excavation are those
not included in the Bill of Quotations
under “rock excavation” or other pay
items.
 Muck Excavation consists of the
removal and disposal of deposits of
saturated or unsaturated mixtures of soils
and organic matter not suitable for
foundation materials regardless of
moisture content.
 Borrow Excavation consist of the excavation and
utilization of approved materials required for the construction of
embankment or for other portions of the work and shall be
obtained from approved sources in accordance with the
following:

1. Borrow Case 1 consists of materials obtained for sources

designated on the plans or in the special provisions.
2. Borrow Case 2 consists of materials obtained for sources
provided by the contractor.
Construction Requirements:

1. When there is evidence of discrepancies on the actual elevations and that shown
on the plans, a pre-construction survey with reference to the datum plane used
in the approved plan shall be undertaken by the contractor or agency to serve
as basis for the computation of the actual volume of the excavated materials
2. All excavations must be finished to reasonably smooth and uniform surface. As
much as possible, no materials shall be wasted. Materials outside of the limits
of slope should not be distributed by the excavation operations. Excavations
are done only after the clearing and grubbing in the area.
3. Topsoil encountered in excavation and on areas where embankment is to be
placed must be removed to the depth as the Engineer may determine and shall
be transported and deposited in storage pile designated area prior to the start of
regular excavation or embankment work in the area and shall be kept separate
from other excavated materials for later use.
 USE OF
EXCAVATED
MATERIALS
 All suitable materials that were removed from
the excavation are used in the formation of:

a. Embankment
b. Subgrade
c. Shoulders
d. Slopes
e. Bedding
f. Backfill for structure
PRE-WATERING
AND
PRE-SPLITTING
a. Excavation areas and borrow pits maybe prewatered before
excavating the material. When prewatering is adopted, the areas
to be excavated has to be moistened to the full depth from the
surface to the bottom of the excavation.

b. The water must be controlled so that excavated materials will contain

the proper moisture content to permit compaction to the desired
density.

c. Prewatering has to be supplemented where necessary by truck

watering unit to assure that the embankment materials contains
the proper moisture at the time of compaction.
Presplitting is a drilling and blasting procedure that maybe
employed or specified to control overbreak and give a uniform
face to the backslope or rock cuts. Presplitting is performed by:

1. Drilling holes at uniform intervals along the slope line.

2. Loading and stemming the holes with appropriate explosives

and stemming materials.

3. Detonating the holes simultaneously.

FREE HAUL -
OVERHAUL
 Free-haul distance is the specified distance that an
excavated material will be hauled without additional
compensation. The free haul distance is 60C meters unless
otherwise specified in the contract. The overhaul consist of
authorized hauling in excess of the free haul distance.
Example, if the hauling distance of materials is 800 meters,
considering that the free haul is 600 meters, then the excess
200 meters is considered overhaul.

Free Haul: The distance within a given limit, set by the

specifications, that material is hauled in construction work.
 METHODS OF
MEASUREMENT
 The overhaul distance for material obtained and
placed within the roadway limits will be measured along
the centerline of the roadway. No allowance will be
made for transverse or lateral movement to or from the
centerline except materials moved to or from
designated areas outside the roadway limits, such as
case I, borrow pits disposal area, etc. In such a way,
measurement is along the shortest route determined by
the Engineer to be feasible and satisfactory.
CONSTRUCTION
OF FILLS AND
EMBANKMENT
 The AASHTO-ARBA Joint Committee on Compaction of Earthwork
proposed the following amendment to the original AASHTO density
requirements to with:

1. Granular aggregates or those with only slight degree of plasticity should be

compacted to 95%-100%.
2. Fine grained aggregate possessing a low degree of plasticity is compacted
to approximately 100% at moisture content near laboratory optimum.
3. Densities for aggregate possessing moderate to high plasticity should not be
so high as to lead to subsequent swelling. Compacting procedures
should not exceed the aggregate shear strength.
4. Clay soil should not be over compacted beyond about 90% to avoid post
construction swelling.
EMBANKMENT
CONTROL
 Basically, there are two procedures employed to assure specified
embankment density.

1. To specify the expected value to the minimum acceptable amount of relative

compaction and to ascertain from the fill density tests that the specified
value is obtained.
2. To specify the manner and methods of constructing the embankment
particularly the layer thickness, moisture control and the number of passes
by a roller of specified type and weight. Field control is a matter of
ascertaining and defining the specific procedures to be done. What is
important is the manner and method that will give the result as expected.

Field control is a matter of ascertaining and defining the specific procedure

to be done. What is important is the manner and methods that will yield the
expected result.
 The problems encountered in the control of embankment
construction are:

1. Difficulties in maintain uniform moisture content. This is due to:

a. Variable wetness of the soil.
b. Problems in evenly distributing and mixing in water.
c. Evaporation or rainfall during compaction.
2. Some soil may not easily assimilate water unless wetting agent
is employed. Sometimes soil type cannot be segregated
during construction unless brought to laboratory.
3. Materials are hauled from different sources and segregation of
the same type is difficult in the actual work.
 CONSTRUCTION
REQUIREMENTS AND
EQUIPMENT
1. Density test requirements

Effect of Density on the behavior of Soils

As a particular soil becomes denser, it will contain

a greater number of particles, and the (pore) volume
remaining for air and water will be decreased.

2. Moisture control
3. Compaction Equipments

Tampering Roller varies from light

unit test weight 6, 000 to 10,000 lbs. for
an 8 ft. width. For giant fully loaded
roller, 75,000 lbs. for a 10 ft. width.
EMBANKMENT ON
SWAMPY AREAS
 Conventional construction of roadways in swampy area is not
advisable because record shows that muck and plate provide
unstable support for fills causing failure of highways and railroads.
Construction of roadway through swampy area requires either of
the following methods:

1. Removal and replacement of unsuitable materials.

2. Displacement under the following methods:
a. Surcharging method
b. Vertical sand drain
c. Fabric reinforcement
d. Weight reduction
Removal and Replacement Method is applicable
where the unstable material is shallow or thin.
Unstable materials are removed to the level of the
underlying materials before filling.

Displacement Method Imported Materials are

carefully placed along the advancing slope allowed to
flow under the dense muck to displace it.
Surcharge Method is applied on low fill over shallow
muck up to 30 or 40 centimeters depth. Where top of
the muck is soft, displacement through careful filling
is done.

Vertical Sand Drain Method provides rapid

consolidation of deep layer muck.
Fabric Reinforcement Method is covering the muck
with permeable fabrics.

Weight Reduction Method is installing a block of

Styrofoam over the muck to reduce the weight of the
fill.
DPWH SPECIFICATION ON
EMBANKMENT
CLASSIFIED UNDER ITEM
104 – EMBANKMENT
Embankment shall be constructed of suitable materials defined as
follows:

1. Suitable materials are materials which are acceptable in accordance

with the contract and which can be compacted in the manner
specified in this item. It can be common materials or rock.
Selected borrow for topping – Soil of such gradation that all
particles will pass a sieve with 75 mm (3 in) square opening and
not more than 15 mass percent will pass the 0.075 mm (No. 200)
sieve (AASHTO T-11). The material must have a plasticity index of
not more than 6 and a liquid limit of not more than 30 as
determined by AASHTO T-90 and T-89 respectively.
2. Unsuitable Materials are materials other than suitable materials
such as:

a. Materials containing detrimental quantities of organic materials, such

as grass, roots and sewage.
b. Highly organic soils such as peat and muck.
c. Soils with liquid limit exceeding 80 and or plasticity index exceeding
55.
d. Soils with natural water content exceeding 100%.
e. Soils with very low natural density, 800 kg/m3 or lower.
f. Soils that cannot be properly compacted as determined by the
engineer.
 METHOD OF
CONSTRUCTION
1. Where embankment lower than 120 centimeters below the sub-
grade is to be made, all sods and vegetables matters are
removed from the surface.

2. Roadway embankment on earthy materials are placed in horizontal

layers not exceeding 20 centimeters loose volume than
compacted as specified before the next layer is placed.

3. When excavated materials contains more than 25 mass percent of

rock larger than 15 centimeters in greatest diameter and cannot
be placed in layers of the thickness prescribed without crushing,
pulverizing or further breaking down into pieces.
4. Lifts of materials containing more than 25 mass percent of
rock larger than 15 centimeters in greatest dimension
should not be constructed above an elevation of 30
centimeters below the finished sub-grade.

5. Hauling and leveling equipment should be routed and

distributed over each layer of the fill to make use of
compaction efforts affording and to minimize rutting and
uneven compaction.
COMPACTION
 The compactor shall carry out full-scale
compaction trials on areas not less than 10 meters
wide and 50 meters long. Compaction trials with the
main types of fill materials to be used in the work
should be completed before any work with the
corresponding materials is allowed to start.
ROUNDING AND
WARPING SLOPE
Rounding. Expect solid rocks, the top and bottom of
all slopes including the slopes of drainage, ditches,
are rounded as planned.

Warping. Adjustment in slopes are made to avoid

injury to standing trees or marring of weather head
rock or to harmonize with existing landscape features
adjusting to the gradual slope.
SUB-GRADE
PREPARATION
4. Lifts of materials containing more than 25 mass percent of
rock larger than 15 centimeters in greatest dimension
should not be constructed above an elevation of 30
centimeters below the finished sub-grade.

5. Hauling and leveling equipment should be routed and

distributed over each layer of the fill to make use of
compaction efforts affording and to minimize rutting and
uneven compaction.
Material requirements:

1. Except when the subgrade is in rock cut, all materials below

subgrade level to a depth 0.15m or to such greater depth as
specified shall meet the requirements of selected borrow for
topping.
2. Prior to the start of subgrade preparation, all culverts, cross
drains, duets and the like including their fully compacted
backfill, ditches, drains, and drainage outlets shall be
compacted. Any work on the preparation of the subgrade
shall not be started unless prior work, herein described shall
have been approved by the Engineer.
Subgrade Level Tolerances

The finished compacted surface of the subgrade shall conform to the

allowable tolerances as specified hereunder.

1. Permitted variance from design +20mm

Level of Service -30mm
2. Permitted surface irregularity
measured by 3m. Straight Edge +/- 30mm
3. Permitted Variance from Design
Crossfall or Camber 0.5%
4. Permitted Variance from Design
Longitudinal Grade over 25m length +/- 0.1%
COMPACTION AND
STABILIATION
ITEM 106 Compaction Equipment and Density
Control Strips

Compaction Equipment shall be capable or

obtaining compaction requirements without
detrimentally affecting the compacted materials. The
compacting units may be of any type, provided they are
capable of compaction each lift of material as specified
and meet the minimum requirements as contained
herein.
 Whether the oil is used as foundation material to support
vertical structures, roads or other structures, it is important to
know that the in-place materials should possess the following
properties:

1. The soil must have adequate strength.

2. The soil must be relatively incompressible so that future
settlement in insignificant.
3. The soil must be stable against volume change as water
content or other factors vary.
4. The soil must be durable and safe against deterioration.
5. The soil must possess proper permeability.
These desirable features could be achieved with a
compacted fill by:

1. Proper selection of the soil type

2. Proper placement of the materials
The types of equipment commonly used for compaction are:

1. Pneumatic or rubber tire rollers Can be used effectively

on all types of soils.
2. Light Rollers of 20 tons type can compact 6 inches thick
layer with few passes.
3. Sheep's Foot Roller is limited to cohesive soils. Its
pressure varies from 700 kN/m^2 to 4,200 kN/m^2.
4. Vibratory compactors Is the most effective
compactor on non-cohesive soils available as:

a. Vibrating drum type

b. Vibrating pneumatic tire
c. Vibrating plate equipment

5. Smooth drum rollers is not suited for compacting

earthfill due to the size of the drum and large soil
contact.
The minimum requirements for rollers are as follows:

1. Sheep’s foot Rollers, tamping as grid roller shall be

capable of exerting a force of 45 Newton per
millimeter (250 lb./in) of length of roller drum.

2. Steel Wheel Rollers, other than vibratory shall be

capable of exerting a force of not less than 45
Newton per millimeter of width of the compression
roll or rolls.
3. Vibratory Steel Wheel Rollers shall have a minimum
mass of 6 tons. The compactor shall be equipped
with amplitude and frequency controls and specifically
designed to compact the material on which it is used.

4. Pneumatic Tire Rollers must have smooth thread

tires of equal size that will provide a uniform
compacting pressure for the dull of the roller and
capable of exerting a ground pressure of at least
550 kN (80 psi).
 THANK YOU!
Joligon, Jan Christian
Paquera, Robert
Paz, Joey
Tampus, Danilo Jr.
Tan, Lyka Isabel
BSCE IV - D1