Prepared by:

GROUP 8 AS 110 & AE 11

 the Study of Ecosystems
 the study of the interactions of
organisms with each other and their
environment.
 (from the Greek oikos meaning "house"
or "dwelling", and logos meaning
"discourse")
 Studies the biota, the environment, and interactions,
 A self-contained community of microorganisms,
animals and plants,
 Comes from Greek oikos = house; logos = study.
 Interactions between organisms, transformation, flux
of energy and matter.
 Ecosystem is important because ecosystems are
interdependent,
 Purify air so we can breathe properly,
 Provide various functions and services that directly
or indirectly benefit to human.
 Abiotic Components—The abiotic components of
an ecosystem are all of the nonliving elements. They
include the water, the air, the temperature and the rocks
and minerals that make up the soil.

 Producers at the Base--Producers are the living

organisms in the ecosystem that take in energy from
sunlight and use it to transform carbon dioxide and
oxygen into sugars. Plants, algae and photosynthetic
bacteria are all examples of producers.
 Consumers in the Chain--Consumers are living
organisms in the ecosystem that get their energy from
consuming other organisms. Conceptually, consumers
are further subdivided by what they eat: Herbivores eat
producers, carnivores eat other animals and omnivores
eat both.

 Decomposers and Nutrient Cycling--Decomposers are

the living component of the ecosystem that breaks
down waste material and dead organisms. Examples of
decomposers include earthworms, dung beetles and
many species of fungi and bacteria.
 This is the physical and chemical description of
where a creature lives...
 HABITATS might describe: The NAME of the
place where the creature lives.
 The dominant vegetation of the place where the
creature lives.
 The TYPE of place where the creature lives
 Ecosystem services are grouped into four
broad categories: provisioning, such as the
production of food and water; regulating,
such as the control of climate and disease;
supporting, such as nutrient cycles and
oxygen production; and cultural, such as
spiritual and recreational benefits.
 All the living and nonliving factors inside
a pond:
 The water in the pond
 The algae and plants that grow in the
water
 The animals and bacteria that live in the
water
 The dirt and rocks on the bottom
 The sunlight on the water
 Terrestrial- a type of ecosystem found only
on biomes. Six primary terrestrial
ecosystems exist: tundra, taiga, temperate
deciduous forest, tropical rain forest,
grassland and desert.
 Aquatic- an ecosystem in a body of water.
Communities of organisms that are
dependent on each other and on their
environment live in aquatic ecosystems. The
two main types of aquatic ecosystems are
marine ecosystems and fresh water
ecosystems.
 Artificial ecosystem- is a man-made system
of plants, animals, and people living in an
area together with their surroundings.
 Biodiversity is fundamental to sustaining life, supplying critical
ecosystem services such as food provisioning, water
purification, flood and drought control, nutrient cycling, and
climate regulation.
 Is the variety of life on Earth and the essential interdependence of
all living things.
 “Biodiversity is a common concern of humankind and an
integral part of the development process”
 Includes a number of different levels of variation in the natural
world: genetic, species, ecosystem
 The tremendous variety of life on Earth is made possible by
complex interactions among all living things including micro-
oganisms.
 Biodiversity has Intrinsic Value  Something that has value in
and of itself.
 Biodiversity boosts ecosystem productivit
y where each species, no matter how
small, all have an important role to play.
 For example, A larger number of plant
species means a greater variety of
crops. Greater species diversity ensures
natural sustainability for all life forms
Biodiversity is defined as the “variability
among living organisms from all sources,
including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine, and
other aquatic ecosystems, and the
ecological complexes of which they are
part: this includes diversity within species,
between species and of ecosystems”
(CBD, 1992).
  Oxygen
 Food
 Clean Water
 Medicine
 Aesthetics
 Ideas
  Population Growth
 Resource Consumption
 Climate Change
 Global Warming
 Habitat Conversion and Urbanisation
 Invasive Alien Species
 Over-Exploitation of Natural Resources
 Environmental Degradation
 Without biodiversity food, medications,
industry, habitats, and ecosystems will
falter. Biodiversity is what underlies many
important ecological goods and services
that provide benefits to humans, and it
helps scientists understand how
life functions and the role of each
species in sustaining ecosystems
 Diversity of genes
Chihuahuas, beagles, and rottweilers are all the same
species —but they're not the same because there is
variety in their genes.
 Diversity of number of species
For example, monkeys, dragonflies, and meadow
beauties are all different species.
 Variety of ecosystems
Lakes, Ponds, and Rivers are all Freshwater
Ecosystems. Rocky coast, Sand Dune, Estuary, Salt
Marsh , Coral Reef are all Marine Ecosystems.
 GOALS OF CONVENTION
ON BIODIVERSITY

 The conservation of biological diversity,

 The sustainable use of its components and

 The fair and equitable sharing of the benefits

arising out of the utilization of genetic
resources
Threatened: population low but extinction less imminent

Endangered: not so low that extinction imminent

 Techniques used include direct valuation
based on market prices, and estimates
of what individuals are willing to pay to
protect endangered wildlife
 Valuation of marginal losses that
accompany specific biodiversity
changes are most relevant to policy
decisions
 Predictions are highly uncertain
 Trophic Interactions: Conclusions

• All types of organisms must be

considered in understanding biodiversity
effects,
• Interactions among species must be
considered,
• Changes in interactions can alter traits
expressed by species, so
presence/absence of species is
insufficient to predict impact.
 Biodiversity conservation is about saving
life on Earth in all its forms and keeping
natural ecosystems functioning and
healthy.
 This incorporates the preservation,
maintenance, sustainable use, recovery
and enhancement of the components
of biological diversity.
 Conservation - is the sustainable use of
resources and encompasses protection as
well as exploitation
 Preservation - is an aspect of conservation
meaning to keep something without
altering or changing it

 Sustainable development is another

intricate aspect of biodiversity
conservation.
 A balance between the environment,
development and society results to
sustainable development which ensures
biodiversity conservation.
GROUP 8 MEMBERS:

Lyrah C. Lopecillo
Maechille D. Legarte
Almar Elopre
Nikki Sarza
Jezza Marie Laranjo