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For many years the cooling capacity of refrigeration units was rated in
horsepower (HP). HP is theoretical unit of energy. One HP is the amount of
energy required to raise 1497 Kg 305 mm in 1 minute. Earlier refrigeration
systems had ratings ¼ HP, ½ HP, ¾ HP, 1 HP and so on. Such a rating is
inaccurate to describe the output of air conditioning because HP value is
generally referred only to compressor size. Another term ton is used to describe
the capacity of air conditioning system.
The value of a ton of refrigeration in Btu/h can be determined if the latent heat of
fusion for water (H2O) is known. The amount of heat required to cause a change
in state of 1 pound of ice at 32 deg F to 1 pound of water (H2O) at 32 deg F is
144 Btu.
In applying this value, a ton of matter , such as water (H2O) contains 2000
pounds . Because 144 Btu are required to change 1 pound of solid water (H2O) or
ICE to a liquid, the equivalent value for 1 ton can be found by multiplying the
amount of energy required to change 1 pound by 2000 pounds.
144 Btu X 2000lb = 288,000Btu
The value 288,000 Btu is the amount of heat energy (in Btu) required to change
the state of 1 ton of ice to 1 ton of liquid in 24 hours. To determine the Btu / h
rating for a ton of refrigeration, divide 288,000 by 24, the number of hours in a
day. 288000/24h=12,000 Btu/h.
All air conditioning systems now are rated in Btu. Ex- a ¾ ton air conditioning
system should have a rating of 9000Btu, each quarter ton of refrigeration is
equivalent to 3000 Btu.
288,000Btu x 0.25 ton = 72,000
72,000 / 24h = 3,000 Btu
The actual Btu rating is, by far, a more accurate method of determining the size
of an air conditioning system.
Vehicle air conditioning system are designed and manufactured for particular
make and model of automobiles, the Btu ratings are not as important to the
technician and are not a part of the decision making for purchase.
Most Vehicles are rated over a ton (12,000Btu) of refrigeration.
A full size vehicle may use a 1.75 ton (21,000Btu/h) AC and this is enough to cool
an average 2 bedroom house.
Human Comfort Control
• Compressors
• Compressor Clutches
• Condensers
• Expansion Devices
• Evaporators
• Receiver-Driers/Accumulators
• Switches and Evap. Temperature Controls
• Rear AC Systems
Positioning of Air Conditioning unit in Low Floor Bus
Thermostat
warm air
Blower motor
expansion valve sight glass
High-pressure gas
High-pressure liquid
Pressure s/w Low-pressure liquid
Low-pressure gas
hot air
Condenser
Receiver
Power house of Air Conditioning unit
M16 Nut
Tensioner
spring
Engine
pulley
Positioning of Air Conditioning unit
Compressor
Alternator
• Thermal Switches
• Pressure Switches
• Fuse and Breakers- All output from the relay board are
protected against the high current by circuit breakers.
Independent 15 A circuit breakers protects the motors. Either
breaker or fuse blows off to protect the circuit.
• When the ignition key is turned on the display will show the
controller’s version after that the internal temperature of the
vehicle. Before start the display will show initials AL. Controller
monitors the three sensors :- Internal temperature sensor,
Outside temperature sensor and Duct sensor.
• This panel works with supply voltage of 12 & 24 VDC.
• It is protected against reverse polarity.
• The system allows 32 VDC up to 5 minutes without
any problem.
• Programmed data will be stored in memory.
• The panel will operate 10 to 95 % humidity with out
any condensation.
The Dash controller only works when engine is in operation.
23
3rd touch turns off the equipment
Failure Codes in Controller
Each bus have two numbers of return air
grille
Receiver drier fitted at the top of the
vehicle
Sight glass to view the quality of the
refrigerant
Receiver / accumulator -
Thermal expansion valve (TXV)-
Automotive Air Conditioning VENT
VENT- The highlighted is the vent of the system with controller motor. In
Vent mode only the evaporator fans operate. Once the temperature is
satisfied there is a window when the unit will go into vent mode. Vent
mode is 2ºC from the set point. The compressor clutch is disengaged at
this time.
ELECTRONIC WATER VALVE BODY
Clutch Assembly
Pulley
Coil
Drive Plate
Clutch Assembly
Pulley
Clutch Hub/Plate
Most compressors use a three-part
clutch: the hub, rotor, and coil.
The hub is attached to the
compressor drive shaft. It has a
plate that is pulled against the rotor
when the clutch is applied.
The rotor is driven by the
accessory drive belt; it is mounted
over the front of the compressor
using a bearing so it can rotate.
The coil becomes an electromagnet
when current is sent through it.
Hub Pulley/ Magnetic
Rotor Coil
Automotive Air Conditioning manifold gauge
Trouble shoorting