Mechanics of Breathing: Human Physiology

POWERPOINT® LECTURE SLIDE PRESENTATION
by LYNN CIALDELLA, MA, MBA, The University of Texas at Austin
UNIT 3
17 Mechanics of Breathing
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH FOURTH EDITION
DEE UNGLAUB SILVERTHORN

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
About this Chapter
 The respiratory system
 Gas laws
 Ventilation

Respiratory System
 Exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the
blood
 Homeostatic regulation of body pH
 Protection from inhaled pathogens and irritating
substances
 Vocalization

Principles of Bulk Flow
 Flow from regions of higher to lower pressure
 Muscular pump creates pressure gradients
 Resistance to flow
 Diameter of tubes

Respiratory System
Overview of external and cellular respiration
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 17-1
Respiratory System
 Conducting system
 Alveoli
 Bones and muscle of thorax

Respiratory System
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 17-2a
Muscles Used for Ventilation
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 17-2b
The Respiratory System
The relationship between the pleural sac and the lung
Branching of Airways
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 17-2e
Branching of the Airways
Alveolar Structure
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 17-2g
Pulmonary Circulation
 Right ventricle  pulmonary trunk  lungs 
pulmonary veins  left atrium
PLAY Animation: Respiratory System: Anatomy Review

Gas Laws

Gas Laws
Pgas = Patm  % of gas in atmosphere

Boyle’s Law
Gases move from areas of high pressure to areas of low
pressure
Spirometer
Lungs Volumes and Capacities
Conditioning
 Warming air to body temperature
 Adding water vapor
 Filtering out foreign material

Ciliated Respiratory Epithelium
Air Flow
 Flow  P/R
 Alveolar pressure or intrapleural pressure can be
measured
 Single respiratory cycle consists of inspiration
followed by expiration

Movement of the Diaphragm
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 17-9c
Movement of the Rib Cage during Inspiration
Movement of the Rib Cage during Inspiration
Pressure Changes during Quiet Breathing
Pressure in the Pleural Cavity
Pressure in the Pleural Cavity
Pneumothorax results in collapsed lung that can not
function normally
Compliance and Elastance
 Compliance: ability to stretch
 High compliance
 Stretches easily
 Low compliance
 Requires more force
 Restrictive lung diseases
 Fibrotic lung diseases and inadequate surfactant
production
 Elastance: returning to its resting volume when
stretching force is released

Law of LaPlace
Surface tension is created by the thin fluid layer
between alveolar cells and the air
Surfactant
 More concentrated in smaller alveoli
 Mixture containing proteins and phospholipids
 Newborn respiratory distress syndrome
 Premature babies
 Inadequate surfactant concentrations

Air Flow
PLAY Animation: Respiratory System: Pulmonary Ventilation

Ventilation
Total pulmonary ventilation and alveolar ventilation
Total pulmonary ventilation = ventilation rate  tidal
volume Dead space filled with fresh air
150
The first exhaled
air comes out of
mL
the dead space.
Only 350 mL leaves
1 the alveoli.
2700 mL
Atmospheric 1 End of inspiration

air
2 Exhale 500 mL
Dead space
2 (tidal volume).
is filled with 150
fresh air. 150 mL
Respiratory 3 At the end of
Only 350 expiration, the
350 mL cycle in 2200 mL
dead space is
of fresh air 150 an adult
filled with
reaches 2200 mL “stale” air from
alveoli. alveoli.
Dead space filled
4 with stale air
The first 150 mL 4 Inhale 500 mL
of air into the 150 of fresh air
alveoli is stale mL (tidal volume).
air from the
dead space. KEY
2200 mL 3
PO2 = 160 mm Hg
PO2 ~
~ 100 mm Hg
Ventilation
Dead space filled with fresh air
150
mL
1
2700 mL
1 End of inspiration
Respiratory
cycle in
an adult
KEY
PO2 = 160 mm Hg
PO2 ~
~ 100 mm Hg
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 17-14, step 1
Ventilation

The first exhaled
150 air comes out of
mL
the dead space.
Only 350 mL leaves
1 the alveoli.
2700 mL
2 Exhale 500 mL
2 (tidal volume).
150
mL
Respiratory
cycle in 2200 mL
an adult
KEY
PO2 = 160 mm Hg
PO2 ~
~ 100 mm Hg
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 17-14, steps 1–2
Ventilation

The first exhaled
mL
the dead space.
Only 350 mL leaves
1 the alveoli.
2700 mL
2 Exhale 500 mL
2 (tidal volume).
150
mL
expiration, the
cycle in 2200 mL
dead space is
an adult
filled with
“stale” air from
Dead space filled alveoli.
with stale air
150
mL
KEY
2200 mL 3
PO2 = 160 mm Hg
PO2 ~
~ 100 mm Hg
Ventilation

The first exhaled
mL
the dead space.
Only 350 mL leaves
1 the alveoli.
2700 mL

air
2 Exhale 500 mL
Dead space
2 (tidal volume).
is filled with 150
fresh air. 150 mL
dead space is
filled with
alveoli. alveoli.
Dead space filled
4 with stale air
air from the
dead space. KEY
2200 mL 3
PO2 = 160 mm Hg
PO2 ~~ 100 mm Hg
Ventilation

The first exhaled
mL
the dead space.
Only 350 mL leaves
1 the alveoli.
2700 mL

air
2 Exhale 500 mL
Dead space
2 (tidal volume).
is filled with 150
fresh air. 150 mL
dead space is
filled with
alveoli. alveoli.
Dead space filled
4 with stale air
air from the
dead space. KEY
2200 mL 3
PO2 = 160 mm Hg
PO2 ~~ 100 mm Hg
Ventilation
Alveolar ventilation = ventilation rate  (tidal volume –
dead space volume)

Ventilation

Ventilation

Ventilation
Effects of changing alveolar ventilation on PO2 and PCO2
in the alveoli
Ventilation

Ventilation
Local control matches ventilation and perfusion
Ventilation
Ventilation
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 17-16c
Ventilation
 Auscultation = diagnostic technique
 Obstructive lung diseases
 Asthma
 Emphysema
 Chronic bronchitis

Summary
 Respiratory system
 Cellular respiration, external respiration, respiratory
system, upper respiratory tract, pharynx, and larynx
 Lower respiratory tract, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles,
alveoli, Type I and Type II alveolar cells
 Diaphragm, intercostal muscles, lung, pleural sac, and
plural fluid
 Gas Laws: Dalton’s law and Boyle’s law

Summary
 Ventilation
 Tidal volume, vital capacity, residual volume, and
respiratory cycle
 Alveolar pressure, active expiration, intrapleural
pressures, compliance, elastance, surfactant,
bronchoconstriction, and bronchodilation
 Total pulmonary ventilation, alveolar ventilation,
hyperventilation, and hypoventilation

Mechanics of Breathing: Human Physiology

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POWERPOINT® LECTURE SLIDE PRESENTATION

by LYNN CIALDELLA, MA, MBA, The University of Texas at Austin

DEE UNGLAUB SILVERTHORN

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

PLAY Animation: Respiratory System: Anatomy Review

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

PLAY Animation: Respiratory System: Pulmonary Ventilation

Atmospheric 1 End of inspiration

Dead space filled with fresh air

Dead space filled with fresh air

Dead space filled with fresh air

Dead space filled with fresh air

Atmospheric 1 End of inspiration

Dead space filled with fresh air

Atmospheric 1 End of inspiration

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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