Presentation

Apart from publication - through presentation-

class presentations to formal presentations-
communicate effectively-simple, concise and in an
interesting manner- people learn more readily and
retain more information through visualisation
MAY BE OF DIFFERENT TYPES
1)Oral presentation-common form-small conference
room to large auditorium-limited time-very
effective-give and take decision-better
understanding of the findings
Demerit-no permanent record-findings fade away-a
written report circulated-supplemented by visual
devices via boards, wall charts,slides etc
2) Poster sessions-prepare a poster-RM-
hypothesis ,conclusion etc
3)Computer based presentations-software-
high quality-sophisticated and refined slides
4) Slide presentations – slides are prepared in
concise form-6 to 8lines-if more not
readable-all imp. points are to be included
RM, findings conclusions, graphs and tables
5)Written presentation- 2 ways
 in writing

 in graphics

Audio presentation ,video presentation, MS Word,

PowerPoint, Quick Time
Large volume of written presentation-impatience-
small amount in presentation-outlining &
hyperlinks –Open Office Writer and Nisus
Large font size,small font size
Use of bullets
6) Multimedia presentation-compile
presentation on CD-ROM for distant clients.
 HTML(Hyper Text Markup Language) editor-

produce index page and linking pages

 PowerPoint-presentation
 Quick Time- video and audio sound tracks
 Acrobat-to produce printable reports .

Add audio and video components to a

PowerPoint-stamp sized window shows the
speaker
Planning report writing
 Not an easy task
 Presentation of facts and findings
 Basis for recommendation
 For a target reader
 Accurate ,objective and complete
 Well written, clearly structured, meets the

expectations
 So careful planning
Steps in planning process
1)Target audience-level of technical
sophistication, interests in the project.
Accordingly decide vocabulary, degree of
detail, tone of the report, emphasis
a)Academic or scientific community
b)Sponsor of research(UGC, Indian Council Of
Social Science Research, govt
bodies,industrial org etc)
c)General public
2)Communication characteristics of spectators
3)Purpose of the report-what to investigate,
scope, limitation, methods ,significance
4)Types of report –
formal,informal,written,oral,internal,external,
short,long,technical,popular,analytical and
informational
5)Scope
6)Style of report
7)Format
8)Prepare a detail outline
Styles of report writing
STYLE DEPENDS ON INTENTION
 Intention to convey information for general use
 Intention to convey specific information to

specific clients
Report style is poor- might not be well
received.
Should emphasize on accuracy, proper word
choice, clarity, coherence and readability.
Format of Research Report

 Preliminary pages
 Main text
 End matter
Preliminary pages
 Title page
 Certificate
 Declaration
 Acknowledgement
 Contents
 List of table
 List of figures
Main text
 Introduction
 Statement of problem
 Significance
 Objectives
 RM
 Limitation
 Data analysis
 Results, summary, finding, suggestions and

conclusion
End matter
 Appendices- questionnaire
 Sample information
 Bibliography
 Annual reports
Title page
SHOULD BE BRIEF
 Title of thesis
 Name of the researcher
 Name of the supervisor
 Degree for which thesis is presented
 Name of the institution
 Month & year
Certificate
 The guide certifies the authenticity of the
report
Declaration
 The scholar declares about his work
Acknowledgement
 Reveals the person to whom the writer is
indebted and the institution providing the
fund
Contents
CONTENTS
List of Table
List of Figure

Chapter Topic Page no

List of tables
LIST OF TABLES

Table no Title Page no

List of diagrams
LIST OF DIAGRAMS

Fig no Title Page no

 Main text
I. Introduction
 to reader
 statement of the problem – topic
 significance-make clear the relevance of topic
 objective-3 or 4
 Literature review - survey of studies in the same field
 The name of author, yr in bracket, superscribe the no.
and give the findings and conclusion
 Arrange them chronologically
 Hypothesis- assumption
 Methodology tool for collection and tools for

analysis - primary or secondary data - census

or sample study, method of sampling ,no. of
samples taken, tools for analysis like
correlation, regression ,ANOVA , t test ,f test
etc.
 Limitations
II ,III & IV )Interpretations, Data analysis
V) Summary, findings ,suggestions and
conclusion-simple, understandable, in
sequence, clear & precise
Inference- implications of the study
Report writing stages
1)Understanding the report brief
2)Gathering material and data-literature review
-questionnaire-surveys-what will be
included-sequence-grouping related points-
cut unwanted information
3)Make an overall format-heading, intro,
methodology..information related to
problem-organised in sections and headings
4)Make a detailed outline
 Introduce the main idea
 Explain & expand main idea
 Present relevant evidence
 Comment on each piece of evidence
 Conclude
-
5)Drafting -1 st draft –substance or facts –
rewritten-from own head, from notes.
2 nd draft –concentrate on form and
language ,edit-simple, clear,eliminate repetition-
avoid wrong uses, read several times
3 rd draft-final touch

6)Editing –free from spelling mistakes and

grammatical errors, proper punctuation, use
capital letters, hyphens and abbreviations
Specifications
 Headings should be in captions
 Headings given should be concise &informative
 Body of space should be double spaced
 Numbering should be done in each page
 The preliminaries are to be numbered in Roman

numerals
 All other pages are to named in Arabic numerals
 Margin - one and a half inch left ,one inch right

and one and one fourth to top and bottom of

page
7)Documentation
3rd stage
Supports the fact
Acknowledge to others
To indicate difference in views and facts
Helps reader to attain additional information
Documents are footnote, bibliography, tables,
charts, graphs, quotations and appendices
 Style of documentation
 MLA-(Modern Language Assn)
 APA-(American Psychology Assn)
 Turabian style of documentation
Foot notes
 Are meant for cross reference ,citation of
authorities and sources or explanation of a
point of view- bottom of the page where
quotation ends-numbered
 Use –1)to acknowledge

2)to provide a reference

3)to identify
 Style-Name of the author, title of the

source, Name of the publisher, date, page

Precautions
 In the 1st draft
 Kept separate
 Gap half inch
 Brief
 Full stop
 Avoid too many or few footnotes
 Same margin
 Correct source
Bibliography
List of books and articles to which he has
referred and consulted
2 types
 1) working-at starting

 2) final-after completion

Forms: a)work cited

b) consulted sources
c)selected bibliography
d)brief annotated bibliography
Preparation over by 2nd draft
Points to be taken care of
 Note down at the time of reading itself
 Start bibliography in a separate sheet on the

first day
 Alphabetical order-last name
 Alphabetise the sources, if there is no author
 Capitalise all the first letters of the words
 Different books of the same author-

chronologically
 Book-Author(last name, first name),Title of
the Book(underline or italics),edition, Volume
no, city:name of the publisher, year.
 Article-Author,“Title of Article”, title of

journal(underline), Vol no, year, p. or pp.1-5.

 Newspaper-Author, “Title of Article”,name of

the newspaper, city,state of publication,

date,edition, p. or pp.1-5
 Encyclopaedia -title, date of edition, Volume

no, name of the article, p or pp.

 Interview with a person-name, occupation,
date.
 Film-Title, Director, Distributor,year
 Multiple authors-name of 1st person et.al.
 Same work repeated continuously –ibid.
 A work cited earlier-op.cit or Loc.cit
Tables,charts &graphs
A large volume of data reduced, made more
attractive and readable
 Table no.
 Title
 Table limited to one page
 Self explanatory
 Don’t split a table
Quotation

Extracts copied from some other work in the

main text of the researcher are known as
quotations
Points to be considered
• avoid over quoting
• Should be brief
• Should be minimum
• Use quotation mark(“”)
• Retain original spelling
Appendices
 Evidence in the body of the text clutter-
so shown as appendices(in the end matter)
 Reader can refer the end matter if directed
Publication of the report by using
computer package
 Helps in the layout ,cross referencing,
indexing, making the table of contents etc.
 Graphics
 Word processor-

a)to create ,edit and print.

b)spell check & grammar
c)counting of words ,characters, sentence
d)easier to make changes-save, del, move
e)to share, to store easily