DEPARTMENT OF PEDODONTICS

TOPIC - ENDODONTIC INSTRUMENTS &

IRRIGANTS

SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY
DR. GARIMA RAMANDEEP KAUR
DR. PRIYANKA BDS FINAL YEAR
ROLL NO.169
 WHAT IS OCCLUSION
Occlusion is defined as the way teeth met when
the lower jaw(mandible) and the upper
jaw(maxilla) come together.
Any time normal occlusion does not occur in
mouth,it is termed malcoclusion.
The normal occlusion is the class 1 malocclusion.
Class 1 malocclusion is defined as the
malocclusion occur when the mesiobuccal cusp
of maxillary first molor lie in the mesiobuccal
groove of mandibular 1st molor.
 PERIODS OF OCCLUSION
DEVELOPMENT
• There are the four periods of occlusion
development.
• 1 ) PREDENTATE PERIOD
• 2) DECIDUOUS DENTITION
• 3) MIXED DENTITION
• 4) PERMANENT DENTITION
 PREDENTATE PERIOD
• Predentate period = birth-6months
• At this time neonats has no teeth .
• The alveolar process at the time of birth is
called as gum pads .
• The gum pads are horse shoe shape in maxilla
and U shape in mandible.
• The gum pads are firm ,pink and covered with
the layer of dense periosteum.
 Predentate period
• The gum pad develop in two portions ,the
labiobuccal portion and lingual portion.
• These two portion are separated from each other
by a groove known as the dental groove.
• The gum pads are divided into 10 segments by
certain grooves called transverse grooves , the
each segment consist of one developing
deciduous tooth sac.The gingival groove
separates the gum pad from the palate and floor
of mouth.
 PREDENTATE PERIOD
• The biggest transverse groove between the
canine and the first deciduous molor is called
as lateral sulcus.
• The lateral sulci are useful in juding the inter
arch relationship at a very early stage.
SIGNIFICANCE OF PREDENTATE PERIOD
The neonats is without teeth for about 6 month
of life .
Some time teeth erupt at an early stage.
The teeth that erupt at the time of birth are
called as natal teeth.
The teeth that erupt during the first month of
age are called neonatal teeth. The natal and
neonatal teeth mostly erupt in mandibular
incios region and show familial tendency.
 SELF CORRECTING ANAMOLIES IN
PREDENTAL PERIOD
• Anterior open bite(corrected by the eruption
of primary incisors)
• Infantile open bite(contact occur between
upper and the lower gum pad in first molor
region and a space exist between them in
anterior region.consider normal and help in
suckling.
• Retrognathic mandible(correct by differnetial
and forward growth of mandible)
 DECIDUOUS DENTITION PERIOD
• Also known as the primary dentition.
• From the 6months -5and half year
• Intitiation of primary tooth bud occur during
six week of intrauterine life
• Sequence of eruption –
• A-B-D-C-E
• 6-9-15-18-24months
 FEATURES OF DECIDUOUS DENTITION
PERIOD
• 1) Spacing
• 2) Occlusion
• 3)Canine relation
• 4)Arch length and Arch circumference
 SPACING
1. SPACED DENTITION 2.NON SPACED
DENTITION
This dentition is
Physiologic Primate highlighted by
lack of space
Space spacing between teeth
either due to
small jaw or
large teeth.
PHYSIOLOGIC
SPACING
PRESENT IN BETWEEN ALL THE
PRIMARY TEETH
IT PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE
IN NORMAL DEVELOPMENT OF
PERMANENT DENTITION.
THE TOTAL SPACE PRESENT IN
THE MAXILLARY ARCH IS 4MM.
TOTAL SPACE PRESENT
BETWEEN THE MANDIULAR
ARCH IS 3MM.
 PRIMATE SPACES
• Exist between the maxillary lateral incisors and the
canine(present mesial to maxillary deciduous
molor)and mandibular canine and first deciduous
molor distal to mandibular deciduous canine).
• Theses spaces are also called anthropoid or simian
spaces as they were initial found in our ancestral
simian species
Primate space
Non spaced dentition
 OCCLUSION
• TERMINAL PLANES
• The mesiodistal relation between the distal
surface of maxillary and mandibular second
deciduous molor is called terminal planes.
• 3 types
• Flush terminal plane
• Mesial step
• Distal step
FLUSH TERMINAL
PLANES
THE DISTAL SURFACE OF SECOND
DECIDUOUS MAXILLARY AND
MANDIBULAR MOLORS ARE IN
STRAIGHT PLANE. AND THEREFOR
SITUATED IN SAME VERTICAL
PLANE.
MOST FAVOURABLE RELATIONSHIP
TO GUIDE THE PERMANENT
MOLOR INTO CLASS 1
MESIAL STEP TERMINAL PLANE
THE DISTAL SURFACE OF
SECOND DECIDUOUS
MANDIBULAR MOLOR IS MORE
MESIAL TO THAT OF SECOND
DECIDUOUS MAXILLARY MOLOR
THIS GUIED THE PERMANENT
MOLOR INTO CLASS 1 MOLOR
RELATIONSHIP
HOWEVER FEW PROCEED INTO
CLASS 3 RELATIONSHIP WITH
CONTINUED GROWTH.
DISTAL STEP TERMINAL
PLANE
THE DISTAL SURFACE OF
DECIDUOUS SECOND
MANDIBULAR MOLOR IS
MORE DISTAL TO THAT OF
DECIDUOUS SECOND
MAXILLARY MOLOR.
THE REALTIONSHIP IS
UNFAVOUABL E AS IT GUIDE
THE PERMANENT MOLOR
INTO DISTAL OCCLUSION.
 CANINE RELATION
• The relationship between the maxillary and
mandibular canine is one of the most stable in
primary dentition

• Class 1 class 2 class 3

 CANINE RELATION
• CLASS 1-the mandibular
canine interdigitaes the
embrasure between the
maxillary lateral incisor
and canine
• CLASS 2-the mandibular
canine interdigitates
distal to embrasure
between the maxillary
lateral incisors and
canine.
• CLASS 3-mandibular
canine interdigitate in
any other relation,
 ARCH DIMENSION
• First measured by zsigmondy in 1890.
• Arch length(measured from the most labial
surface of central incisors to canine and to
second primary molor)
• Arch circumference(determined by measuring
of length of curved line passing over the
incisal edge and buccal cusp of teeth.)
Self correcting anamolies in deciduous
dentition
• Anterior deep bite
• Deep space
• Primate space
• Physiologic space
• Flush terminal plane
 MIXED DENTITION PERIOD
• The period during which both the primary and
permanent teeth are present in the mouth
together is known as mixed dentition period.
• From 6-12 years
• 3 transitional period present in this dentition
• First transitional period
• Inter transitional period
• Second transitional period
 FIRST TRANSITIONAL PERIOD
• Characterized by emergence of first permanent
molors and exchange of deciduous incisors with
permanent .
• The mandibular permanent molor are first to
erupt at around 6 year of age.
• There position and relation is depend on the
relation of 2nd deciduous molor .
• The molor has to move 2-3mm in a forward
direction for the normal relation. Can be
accomplished by:
 EARLY SHIFT
• Early shift occur during early mixed dentition
period .
• Eruptive force of 1st permanent molor is
sufficent to push deciduous 1st and 2nd molor
forward in arch to close the primate space and
establish the class 1 molor relation.
• Since this occur early in mixed dentition so
called as early shift.
 LATE SHIFT
• Many children lack primate space and thus
erupting permanent molor are unable to
move forward to establish class 1 relation.
• In this case when deciduous 2nd molor
exfoliate permanent 1st molor drift mesially
utilizing leeway space.
• This occur in late mixed dentition period so
known as late shift
 EXCHANGE OF INCISORS
• During the first transitional period deciduous
incisors are replaced by permanent incisors .
• Mandibular cental incisors first to erupt.
• Permanent incisors>deciduous incisors
• The difference between amount of space needed
for accomodation of incisors and amount of
space available for this called incisors liability
• Incisors liability(maxillary arch)about 7mm
• Mandibular arch –about 5mm
 INCISORS LIABILITY IS OVERCOME BY
FOLLOWING FACTORS
• A) UTILIZATION OF INTERDENTAL SPACE SEEN
IN PRIMARY DENTITION
• B) INCREASE IN INTERCANINE WIDTH
• C)CHANGE IN INCISOR INCLINATION
 INTERTRANSITIONAL PERIOD
• IN this period the maxillary and mandibular
arches consist of permanent incisors and
permanent molors that sandwiched the
deciduous canine and molors.
• This phase last for 1.5years
 2ND TRANSITIONAL PERIOD
• Characterized by replacement of deciduous
molor and canines by premolors and
permanent canines .
• Two important ponits are
• Leeway space of nance
• Ugly duckling stage
LEEWAY SPACE
OF NANCE
THE COMBINE MESIODISTAL
WIDTH OF PERMANENT
CANINE AND PREMOLOR IS
LESS THAN THAT OF
DECIDUOS CANINE AND
MOLOR.
THIS EXTRA SPACEIS CALLED
AS LEEWAY SPACE OF NANCE
UTILIZE BY MANDIBULAR
MOLOR TO ESTABLISH THE
CLASS 1 RELATIONSHIP
THROUGH LATE MESIAL
SHIFT.
 ERUPTION OF MAXILLARY CANINE
• UGLY DUCKLING STAGE OR BROADBENT
PHENOMENA(1937)
• As the maxillary incisor erupt they displace the
root of lateral incisor mesially, this force is
transmitted to cental incisors and there root are
also displace mesially thus the resultant force
cause the distal convergece of crown in an
opposite direction leading to midline spacing
known as ugly duckling stage indicate unesthetic
appearance to child
 SELF CORRECTING ANAMOLIES IN
MIXED DENTITION
• ANTERIOR DEEP BITE(CORRECTED BY
SUPRAERUPTION OF MOLORS)
• MANDIBULAR ANTERIOR CROWDING
• UGLY DUCKLING STAGE
• END ON MOLOR RELATON
 PERMANENT DENTITION
KEYS OF OCCLUSION
ANDREW IN 1970 PUT FORWAD THESES KEYS
1) Molor interarch relation
2)Mesiodistal crown inclination
3) Labiolingual crown inclination
4) Absence of rotation
5) Tight contact
6)Curve of spee
MOLOR INTERARCH
RELATIONSHIP
THE MESIOBUCCAL
CUSP OF UPPER
PERMANENT 1ST
MOLOR OCCLUDED IN
THE MESIOUCCAL
GROOVE OF LOWER
PERMANENT FIRST
MOLOR
MESIODISTAL
CROWN
ANGULATION
CROWN ANGULATON
REFERS TO THE
ANGULATION OF THE
LONG AXIS OF THE CROWN
NOT TO ANGULATION OF
THE LONG AXIS OF ENTIRE
TOOTH.
THE GINGIVAL PART OF
THE LONG AXIS OF THE
CROWN MUST BE DISTAL
TO THE OCCLUSAL PART OF
AXIS.
LABIOLINGUAL
CROWN
INCLINATION
CROWN INCLINATION REFERS
TO THE LABIOLINUAL OR
BUCCOLINUAL INCLINATION
OF THE LONG AXIS OF THE
CROWN NOT THE
INCLINATION OF LONG AXIS
OF ENTIRE TOOTH
DETERMINE BY THE
RESULTING ANGLE BETWEEN
A LINE 90’ TO THE OCCLUSION
PLANE AND A LINE TANGNENT
TO THE MIDDLE OF THE
LABIAL AND BUCCAL CROWN.
ABSENCE OF
ROTATION
ROTATED TEETH WILL
OCCUPLY MORE SPACE
HENCE NORMAL
OCCLUSION SHOULD
BE FREE FROM
ROTATION.
CURVE OF SPEE
A NORMAL
OCCLUSION PLANE
ACCORDING TO
ANDREWS SHOULD BE
FLAT WITH THE CURVE
OF SPEE NOT
EXCEEDING 1.5mm.
TIGHT CONTACTS
TO CONSIDER AN NORMAL
OCCLUSION THERE
SHOULD BE TIGHT
CONTACT BETWEEN
ADJACENT TEETH.