SOLIDS AND SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES - IV

1. Analog and Digital Signal

2. Binary Number System
3. Binary Equivalence of Decimal Numbers
4. Boolean Algebra
5. Logic Operations: OR, AND and NOT
6. Electrical Circuits for OR, AND and NOT Operations
7. Logic Gates and Truth Table
8. Fundamental Logic Gates: OR, AND and NOT (Digital Circuits)
9. NOR and NAND Gates
10. NOR Gate as a Building Block
11. NAND Gate as a Building Block
12. XOR Gate

Created by C. Mani, Principal, K V No.1, AFS, Jalahalli West, Bangalore

 Analogue signal
A continuous signal value which
at any instant lies within the range
of a maximum and a minimum
value.
Digital signal
A discontinuous signal value
which appears in steps in pre-
determined levels rather than
having the continuous change.

V V
V = V0 sin t
(5 V) 1 01 01 01 01
(5 V)
0
t
(-5 V) (0 V) t
0

Digital Circuit:
An electrical or electronic circuit which operates only in two states (binary
mode) namely ON and OFF is called a Digital Circuit.

In digital system, high value of voltage such as +10 V or +5 V is

represented by ON state or 1 (state) whereas low value of voltage such as 0
V or -5V or -10 V is represented by OFF state or 0 (state).
Binary Number System:
A number system which has only two digits i.e. 0 and 1 is known as
binary number system or binary system.
The states ON and OFF are represented by the digits 1 and 0 respectively
in the binary number system.

Binary Equivalence of Decimal Numbers:

Decimal number system has base (or radix) 10 because of 10 digits viz. 0, 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 used in the system.
Binary number system has base (or radix) 2 because of 2 digits viz. 0 and 2
used in the system.

D 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

B 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001

D 10 11 12 13 14 15

B 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111

Boolean Algebra:
George Boole developed an algebra called Boolean Algebra to solve logical
problems. In this, 3 logical operations viz. OR, AND and NOT are performed
on the variables.
The two values or states represent either ‘TRUE’ or ‘FALSE’; ‘ON’ or ‘OFF’;
‘HIGH’ or ‘LOW’; ‘CLOSED’ or ‘OPEN’; 1 or 0 respectively.

OR Operation:
OR operation is represented by ‘+’.
Its boolean expression is Y = A + B
It is read as “Y equals A OR B”.
It means that “if A is true OR B is true, then Y will be true”.

A Truth Table
●
●

Switch A Switch B Bulb Y

OFF OFF OFF
Y OFF ON ON
B
●
●

ON OFF ON
ON ON ON
E
AND Operation:
AND operation is represented by ‘.’
Its boolean expression is Y = A . B
It is read as “Y equals A AND B”.
It means that “if both A and B are true, then Y will be true”. Truth Table

A B Switch A Switch B Bulb Y

●
●

●
●
OFF OFF OFF
OFF ON OFF
ON OFF OFF
Y
ON ON ON
E
NOT Operation:
NOT operation is represented by ′ or ¯. Its boolean expression is Y = A′ or Ā
It is read as “Y equals NOT A”. It means that “if A is true, then Y will be false”.
Truth Table
A
●●

Switch A Bulb Y
●

OFF ON

E ON OFF
Y
Logic Gates: Eg. for 4 input gate
The digital circuit that can be analysed with A B C D
the help of Boolean Algebra is called logic 0 0 0 0
gate or logic circuit.
0 0 0 1
A logic gate can have two or more inputs 0 0 1 0
but only one output.
0 0 1 1
There are 3 fundamental logic gates namely 0 1 0 0
OR gate, AND gate and NOT gate.
0 1 0 1
Truth Table: 0 1 1 0
The operation of a logic gate or circuit can 0 1 1 1
be represented in a table which contains all 1 0 0 0
possible inputs and their corresponding
1 0 0 1
outputs is called a truth table.
1 0 1 0
If there are n inputs in any logic gate, then
1 0 1 1
there will be n2 possible input
combinations. 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 1
0 and 1 inputs are taken in the order of
ascending binary numbers for easy 1 1 1 0
understanding and analysis. 1 1 1 1
Digital OR Gate:
The positive voltage (+5 V)
● A ●
corresponds to high input
i.e. 1 (state). D1
The negative terminal of the + ● ●
battery is grounded and 5V
corresponds to low input ●B ● Y
i.e. 0 (state). D2 RL
+ ●
Case 1: Both A and B are 5V
given 0 input and the diodes do E
not conduct current. Hence no E E
E
output is across RL. i.e. Y = 0

Case 2: A is given 0 and B is given 1. Diode D1 does A● Y

●
not conduct current (cut-off) but D2 conducts. Hence B●
output (5 V) is available across RL. i.e. Y = 1
Truth Table
Case 3: A is given 1 and B is given 0. Diode D1
conducts current but D2 does not conduct. Hence A B Y=A+B
output (5 V) is available across RL. i.e. Y = 1 0 0 0
Case 4: A and B are given 1. Both the diodes 0 1 1
conduct current. However output (only 5 V) is 1 0 1
available across RL. i.e. Y = 1 1 1 1
Digital AND Gate:
Case 1: Both A and B are given 0 ● A ●
input and the diodes conduct D1
current (Forward biased). Since + ● ●
the current is drained to the earth, 5V
hence, no output across RL. ● B● Y
i.e. Y = 0 D2 RL
Case 2: A is given 0 and B is +
given 1. Diode D1 being forward ●
5V +
biased conducts current but D2 E 5V
does not conduct. However, the E
current from the output battery is E
E
drained through D1. So, Y = 0

Case 3: A is given 1 and B is given 0. Diode D1 does A● Y

not conduct current but D2 being forward biased ●
B●
conducts . However, the current from the output
battery is drained through D2. Hence, no output is Truth Table
available across RL. i.e. Y = 0 A B Y=A.B
0 0 0
Case 4: A and B are given 1. Both the diodes do not
conduct current. The current from the output battery 0 1 0
is available across RL and output circuit. Hence, 1 0 0
there is voltage drop (5 V) across RL. i.e. Y = 1 1 1 1
Digital NOT Gate:
NPN transistor is connected to biasing
batteries through Base resistor (Rb) +
and Collector resistor (RL). Emitter is 5V
RL
directly earthed. Input is given
through the base and the output is E
tapped across the collector. C ●

●
Case 1: A is given 0 input. In the Rb Y
A N
absence of forward bias to the P-type ● ● P

●
N
base and N-type emitter, the transistor B
is in cut-off mode (does not conduct + ●E ●

●
current). Hence, the current from the 5V
collector battery is available across the E E
output unit. Therefore, voltage drop of E Y
5 V is available across Y. i.e. Y= 1 A● ●

Case 2: A is given 1 input by connecting the +ve terminal of the Truth Table
input battery. P-type base being forward biased makes the A Y=A′
transistor in conduction mode. The current supplied by the
0 1
collector battery is drained through the transistor to the earth.
Therefore, no output is available across Y. i.e. Y = 0 1 0
NOR Gate: A● Y = (A + B)′
Symbol: ●
B●
+
Circuit: 5V
RL
E
● A● C ●

●
D1 Rb Y
N
+ ● ● P

●
N
5V B
● B● ●E ●

●
D2 RL
+ E E
5V
E
E Truth Table
E A B A+B Y = (A + B)′
0 0 0 1
A● Y = (A + B)′ 0 1 1 0
A+ B
● ●
B● 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0
NAND Gate: A● Y = (A . B)′
Symbol: B● ●

+
Circuit: 5V
RL
E
● A ● C ●

●
D1 Rb Y
N
+ ● ● P

●
N
5V B
● B● ●E ●

●
D2 RL
+ E E
5V
E
Truth Table
+
E 5V A B A.B Y = (A . B)′
0 0 0 1
E
0 1 0 1
A● A.B Y = (A . B)′ 1 0 0 1
● ●
●
B● 1 1 1 0
NOR Gate as a Building Block:
OR Gate:
A B (A + B)′ A+B
A●
● ● 0 0 1 0
B● (A + B)′ Y=A+B 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
AND Gate: 1 1 0 1
A′
A● ●
A B A′ B′ A′+B′ (A′+B′)′
A′
●
● 0 0 1 1 1 0
●
B′ Y=A.B 0 1 1 0 1 0
B● ●
B′ 1 0 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 0 1
NOT Gate:
A A′

A● ● 0 1
Y = A′
1 0
NAND Gate as a Building Block:
OR Gate: A B A′ B′ A′.B′ (A′ . B′)′
A′ 0 0 1 1 1 0
A● ●
A′ 0 1 1 0 0 1
●
● 1 0 0 1 0 1
●
B′ Y=A+B 1 1 0 0 0 1
B● ●
B′
A B (A . B)′ A.B
AND Gate: 0 0 1 0
A● (A . B)′ Y=A.B 0 1 1 0
B● ● ●
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
NOT Gate:
A A′
A● ● 0 1
Y = A′
1 0
XOR Gate:

A′ A′B
A● ●
B Y = A′B + AB′
●
●
● =A B
A
AB′
●
B●
B′

Y = A′B + AB′
A B A′ B′ A′B AB′
=A B
0 0 1 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 1
1 1 0 0 0 0 0

A●
● Y=A B
B● End of S & SCD - IV