Acids - are compounds that contain hydrogen when dissolved in

water and acid releases hydrogen ions (H+).

Properties of Acids
1. Acids tastes sour.
2. Acids are corrosive.
3. Acids are electrolytes.
4. Acids react with certain compounds called indicators.

Uses of Acids
1. Acids are used in many manufacturing processes and
industries.
2. Acids help break down food during process of digestion.
3. Acids can also be used to preserve food.
 Acid Formula Present in
Some Common Acids
Acetic Acid CH3COOH Vinegar
Ascorbic Acid C5H9O5COOH Citrus fruits like tamarind and
(Vitamin C) calamansi

Carbon Acid H2CO3 Soft drinks

Hydrochloric Acid HCI Stomach

Nitric Acid HNO3 Explosives

Phosphoric Acid H3PO4 Detergents, fertilizers

Sulfuric Acid H SO4 Battery , acid rain

 Harmful Acids

1. Acid rain - destroys the leaves where photosynthesis takes place.

- corrodes buildings and monuments made of marble and
limestone.
- deteriorates exposed metals in bridges and vehicles.
2. Concentrated hydrochloric acid (muriatic acid).
3. Nitric acid
4. Sulfuric acid
Safety in Handling Acids
Acids can be found in homes, work-places, and laboratories.
Some acids are strong enough to corrode metals and even
damage body tissues. Thus, acids needs to be properly handled.
 Some safety precautions when working with acids.
1. Wear protective clothing and gear such as safety goggles, acid- resistant
gloves and a laboratory gown or apron.
2. Read and understand all instructions in an activity. When in doubt, clarify
each step by step by asking the help of your teacher.
3. Never taste any acid and chemical unless your teacher allows you to do
so.
4. Should an acid get in your eyes, wash your eyes well with abundant
water. Then, get first aid from the teacher or medical staff.
5. When diluting acids, first, prepare the required amount of water in a
beaker. Pour the acid slowly while gently stirring the solution to release
the heat that results from mixing. Never pour water into an acid.
6. Use only acid-compatible containers.
7. Wash your hand with soap and water after handling acids.
 Bases
Bases- are substances that produce hydroxide ions when they dissolve
in water. Hydroxide ions are negatively charged and have the formula
OH-.

Properties of Bases
1. Bases taste bitter.
2. Most bases feel slippery to touch.
3. Bases are electrolytes.
4. Bases also react with indicators.
 Uses of Bases

- Bases are valuable raw materials for many products.

- Help ease effects of too much acid in the stomach.
- Bases gives soap and many cleaning products like drain
cleaners some of their useful properties.
- Bases is used in the manufacture of fertilizers, fibers, plastic.
 Some common bases and their uses.
Base Common Formula Uses
Calcium Lime water Ca(OH)2 For production o
hydroxide mortar and
plaster
Magnesium Milk of magnesia Mg(OH)2 As laxative
hydroxide

Sodium Lye NaOH In soap making

hydroxide
Sodium Baking soda NaHCO3 In baking bread,
bicarbonate cookies, etc.
 Why are acids important in our lives?
Acids and bases function to balance the pH levels in the body.
Acids and bases are found in foods, environment and in
chemicals including pharmaceuticals.
 How to determine if a solution is acidic or basic?
• A solution with a pH of 7 is classified as neutral.
• pH lower than 7, the solution is acidic.
• pH higher than 7, the solution is basic.
• Solution is acidic if blue litmus paper turns red.
• Solution is basic if litmus paper remains blue.

• pH scale is used to specify how acidic or basic a water-based solution

is. Acidic solutions have a lower pH, while basic solutions have a
higher pH.
• pH scale measures how acidic or basic a substance is. The pH scale
ranges from 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is neutral.
 Importance of pH

• pH and the Human Body

• Use of pH in Food Processing and Fruit Preservation
• Control of pH in Soil
• pH of Rainwater
• Maintaining pH of Personal Care Products
 Importance of pH in the Human Body
• Improve digestion
• Enhance vitamin and nutrient absorption
• Prevent illness
• Have more energy (less or no fatigue)
• Generally feel better
• Sleep better
• Maintain proper body weight and metabolism

Human life is sustained only if the pH of our blood and body tissue is within a
small range near 7.4.
 Importance of pH in Food Preservation
• Acidity of foods has been used for centuries to preserve
foods. Acidity plays a primary role in the preservation of
fermented foods and combined with other factors such as
heat, water activity, and chemical preservatives acts to
prevent food spoilage.
 Importance of pH in Soil
• pH is an important aspect of soil fertility because the level of pH will
influence the kind of organisms that live in the soil.
• pH can also affect how plants grow since each plant has an optimum pH
level in which it will flourish.
• pH should raise towards neutral if the soil is acidic. The most common way
is to lime the soil.
(Lime is calcium carbonate, or calcium plus magnesium carbonate. The
amount required will depend on the soil, and should be determined by a soil
analysis.)
• pH determines solubility of nutrients (before plants can get nutrients, they
must be dissolved in soil solution)
• Microbial activity also depends on pH.
Importance of pH in
Rainwater
Normal rain has a pH of
about 5.6 . This is because it
reacts with carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere and forms
mildly acidic carbonic acid
before it becomes rain. Acid
rain has a pH of 5.0 or less
and it can affect the
environment in a negative
way.
 Importance of pH in Maintaining Personal
Care Products
• Most personal care products have pH kept at specific levels to avoid
harmful effects on the body. This is true for hair products. For
example, at pH 12, hair already dissolves. That is why hair removers
usually have pH of 11.5 to 12. Most shampoos are within the pH
range of 4 to 6. This is because the pH of the product must be
compatible with that of the hair, which is in the range pH 4 to 5.
• Hair has a protective covering called sebum. The use of conditioners
after using shampoo puts back this oily coating and penetrates the
hair shaft itself.
 Effect of an Acidic Mixture on Metal
• When acids react with metals , they produce a salt and hydrogen gas.

• Example 1: Mg (s) + 2 HCl (aq) → MgCl2 + H2

2.HCl (acid) and Na (metal) will produce NaCl (salt) and H2 (hydrogen gas)
HCl + Na = NaCl+H2

3. Iron + Hydrochloric Acid = Hydrochloride and Hydrogen gas

Fe + 2CHI = FeCI2 + H2
 Salts
• Are ionic compounds that contain two groups of positively charged
ions (H+) and negatively charged ions (OH-).
• Salt is produced when acids and bases are combined together in
equal proportions. Whereas naturally, salt is found in sea water.
• The process where acids and bases neutralize each other to form salt
and water is known as neutralization.
• The chemical formula of common salt is NaCl (Sodium Chloride).
• Salt has many uses: e.g. salt is used for cooking, salt is used during
the production of toothpaste, plastic, soaps, bleaches, etc.
• The pH of salt is 7 which means that it is neutral in nature i.e. it is
neither acidic nor basic.
 Properties of Salt
• Salt is made up of Sodium and Chlorine.
• Salt has negatively charged ions (OH-) and positively charged ions (H+).
• Due to their oppositely charged ions, the ions are attracted towards each other with
an electrostatic force of attraction which is called an ionic bond.
• An equal number of opposite charges makes the ionic compounds neutral with no
charge.
• Salt water is a good conductor of electricity.
• Salts are ionic in nature due to the presence of ions.
• They are brittle, hard and crystalline solids.
• Salt is white, odorless and it has a salty taste.
• All potassium (K), ammonium (NH4+) and sodium (Na) salts are soluble in water (H2O).
• Nitrites, nitrates, and bicarbonates can be dissolved in water.
• All metallic oxides, metallic carbonates, hydroxides, phosphates, and sulphides are
insoluble in water.
 List of important Salt and their Uses
Name of Salts Uses
Sodium 1. Used in cooking food as well as for cooking gas.
Chlorine or 2. Used as a preservative in pickles and in curing meat and fish.
Common Salt 3. Used in the manufacture of soap.
(NaCl) 4. Used to melt the ice in winter in cold countries.
5. Used for making chemical like washing soda, baking soda etc.

Sodium 1. Used for making soap and detergent

Hydroxide 2. Used for making artificial textile fibre (rayon)
(NaOH) 3. Used in the manufacturing of paper
4. Used for purification of bauxite ore
5. Used in degreasing metals, oil refining and making dyes and bleaches
 Name of Salts Uses
Sodium 1. Used as cleansing agent
Carbonate or 2. Used for removing permanent hardness of water
Washing Soda 3. Used in the manufacturing of glass, soap and paper
(Na2CO3.10H2O)
Baking Soda or 1. Used as neutralising agent (antacid)
Sodium 2. Used for making baking powder
Bicarbonate 3. Used in fire extinguisher
(NaHCO3)

Bleaching 1. Used as bleaching agent in cotton industry and paper industry for
Powder or bleaching cotton and linen as well as wood pulp respectively
Calcium 2. Used for disinfecting drinking water
Hypochlorite 3. Used for making chloroform (CHCl3)
4. Used for making the wool unshrinkable
Name of Salts Uses
Plaster of 1. Used in cooking food as well as for cooking gas.
Paris or 2. Used as a preservative in pickles and in curing meat and
Hemihydrate fish.
Calcium 3. Used in the manufacture of soap.
sulphate 4. Used to melt the ice in winter in cold countries.
CaSO4 ½ H2O 5. Used for making chemical like washing soda, baking soda
etc.
 10 examples of Salt
• Sodium Chloride
• Silver Chloride
• Barium Sulphate
• Calcium Sulphate
• Lead Iodide
• Ammonium Carbonate
• Potassium Carbonate
• Aluminum Nitrate
• Zinc Nitrate
 Metal
• Metal is a solid material which conduct heat and electricity
• Hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile.
 Dense Solid Strong
Good High
Conductor Melting
of Electricity Point
Good
Sonorous Conductor
of Heat

High
Shiny Properties Boiling
Point
of Metals

Malleable Ductile
 Examples of Metals
• Gold
• Aluminum
• Copper
• Iron
• Lead
• Silver
• Platinum
• Uranium
• Zinc
USEFUL METALS
 Non- metals
• Non-metals are those which lack all the metallic attributes. They are
good insulators of heat and electricity.
• They are mostly gases and sometimes liquid.
• Some they are even solid at room temperature like, Carbon, Sulfur,
and Phosphorus.
 Usually
Brittle

Transparent Poor
conductor of
in a thin heat and
sheet Properties
of electricity
Non-metals

Do not have May be

metallic liquid, solid,
luster or gas
 Examples of Non-metals

• Hydrogen
• Helium
• Chlorine
• Fluorine
• Carbon
• Nitrogen
• Oxygen
• Phosphorus
• Selenium
 Metalloid
• A metalloid is a chemical element that exhibits some
properties of metals and some of non-metals.
• Elements with properties intermediate between metals and
non-metals.
 Properties of Metalloids
• Metalloids (metal-like) have properties of both metals and
non-metals.
• They are solid that can be shiny or dull.
• They conduct heat and electricity better that non-metals but
not as well as metals.
• They are ductile and malleable
Examples of Metalloids
 Uses of Metalloids
• Antimony is used as a fining agent which helps in removing
microscopic bubbles from TV screens.
• Arsenic is commonly used to strengthen the alloy of copper and lead
which are used in car batteries.
• Boron filaments are used in aerospace structures as they are
lightweight but possess high strength.
• Tellurium is used in alloying. It increases the resilience and durability
of metals.
• Germanium is used in solar panels to increase efficiency.
 Metals
Metals are elements having the
highest degree of metallic behavior
Found in the left side of the
periodic table
Located in s, p, d and f blocks
Have a shiny appearance
Show malleability and ductility
Thermal and electrical conductivity
is very high
Have a very low electronegativity
Non-metals
Non-metals are elements showing
less or no metallic properties
Found in the right side of the
periodic table
Located in s and p blocks
Have a dull appearance
Do not show malleability and
ductility
Thermal and electrical conductivity
is very low
Have a very high electronegativity
Metalloids
Metalloids are elements having a
low degree of metallic behaviour
Found in the middle of the periodic
table
Located in p block
Have a dull or shiny appearance
Do not show malleability and
ductility
Thermal and electrical conductivity
is good, but less than metals
Have an intermediate value of
electronegativity