INTERRELATIONSHIP

PHASES OF THE
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
 EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

• The total losses of water

from vegetation.
• Evaporation is from the
soil while transpiration is
from the plants.
 PARAMETERS WHICH INFLUENCE
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

1. HEAT ENERGY
2. NET RADIATION
3. HUMIDITY
4. TEMPERATURE
 HEAT ENERGY
• Is the result of the movement of tiny particles, called the
atoms.
• Two sources of heat energy used during the process of
evapotranspiration:
1. sensible heat
2. latent heat
 NET RADIATION
• The incoming and outgoing energy at the top of the
atmosphere.
• It is the total energy that is available to influence the
climate.
• Types of Net Radiation:
1. positive net radiation
2. negative net radiation
3. balanced net radiation
NET RADIATION
 HUMIDITY
• Is the amount of water vapor present in air.
• If there is a lot of water vapor in the air, the humidity will be
high.
• If the air around the plants is too humid, the transpiration
and evaporation rates drop.
 TEMPERATURE
• Higher evaporating surface, higher the temperature, higher
is the rate of evapotranspiration.
 PRECIPITATION
• The total amount of water falling on a given area in the
form of rain or snow or hail.
 TYPES OF PRECIPITATION
1. OROGRAPHIC PRECIPITATION
2. CONVECTIONAL PRECIPITATION
3. CYCLONIC OR FRONTAL PRECIPITATION
 OROGRAPHIC PRECIPITATION
• When the moist of air mass rises on the windward side of the mountain.
 CONVECTIONAL PRECIPITATION
• The land warms up and it heats the air above it.
 CYCLONIC OR FRONTAL
PRECIPITATION
• Occurs when a warm and cold front meets. The air rushes horizontally into
the low pressure area changing into whirling mass.
 INFILTRATION/PERCOLATION
• They are two related but different processes describing the
movement of moisture through soil.
• INFILTRATION – the downward entry of water into the soil or
rock surface.
• PERCOLATION – is the flow of water through soil and porous
or fractured rock.
 FACTORS AFFECTING
INFILTRATION/PERCOLATION
1. SOIL TEXTURE AND STRUCTURE
2. CONDITIONS AT SOIL SURFACE
3. SOIL-MOISTURE CONTENT
4. TYPE OF VEGETATIVE COVER
5. SOIL TEMPERATURE
6. HUMAN ACTIVITIES
 SOIL TEXTURE AND STRUCTURE
• The water cannot continue to enter soil more rapidly than it
is transmitted downward.
• The conditions at surface cannot increase infiltration unless
the transmission capacity of soil profile is adequate.
 CONDITIONS AT SOIL SURFACE
• Even if the subsoil has excellent under drainage but at the
surface soil pores are sealed due to turbid water or by in
wash of fine soil particles it may prevent entry of water into
the soil and infiltration rate will be low.
 SOIL – MOISTURE CONTENT
• When the soil is fairly dry the rate of infiltration into the soil is
quite high.
• The rate of infiltration in early phases of rainfall will be less if
the soil pores are still filled from the previous rainstorm.
 TYPE OF VEGETATIVE COVER
• It affects surface entry of water. The vegetation protects the
soil surface from impact of rain drops.
• The lengthy and extensive root system penetrate the soil
and increases its porosity.
 SOIL TEMPERATURE
• If saturated soil mass gets frozen due to severe low
temperature it becomes nearly impermeable. It affects the
infiltration.
 HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON SOIL
SURFACE
• If the soil surface gets compacted due to construction of
roads, operation of tractors and etc., the porosity of the soil
is decreased.
SURFACE/SUBSURFACE
RUNOFF
WHAT IS RUNOFF?
the portion of rainfall, snowmelt, and/or irrigation water that runs over the soil
surface toward the stream rather than infiltrating into the soil.

THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF RUNOFF:

1. Surface Runoff
Surface runoff is water from rain, snow melting, or
other sources that flows over the land surface, and is
a major component of the water cycle.

There are two types of surface runoff that occur

during rainfall or snowmelt.
2. Subsurface Runoff

Interflow, also known as subsurface runoff is relatively

rapid flow toward the stream channel that occurs
below the surface.
Surface Runoff Phenomenon
GROUNDWATER
WHAT IS GROUNDWATER?
Groundwater is the water present beneath Earth's surface in soil pore spaces
and in the fractures of rock formations. A unit of rock or an unconsolidated
deposit is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable quantity of water.
Porosity is the amount
of open pore space
in rock, sediment, or
soil.

Permeability is ability
of water to flow
through rock,
sediment, or soil.
What is an Aquifer?

An aquifer is an underground
layer of water-bearing
permeable rock, rock fractures
or unconsolidated materials.
Groundwater can be extracted
using a water well. The study of
water flow in aquifers and the
characterization of aquifers is
called hydrogeology.
• Aquifers store drinking
water and act as
natural filters.
• We tap into these
sources of drinking
water using wells.
The one nearest the surface is the "zone of aeration",
where gaps between soil are filled with both air and
water. Below this layer is the "zone of saturation", where
the gaps are filled with water. The water table is the
boundary between these two layers.
GROUNDWATER USAGE
• About 90% of freshwater available for
use is groundwater. The remaining 10% is
in lakes and rivers.
• Groundwater is extracted using wells. In
order for a well to be successful, it must
be drilled into the zone of saturation. The
well pulls down the water table, creating
a feature called a cone of depression.
 GROUNDWATER POLLUTION

Point source pollution can be traced to a

specific location where pollutants can
enter the water table directly. Examples:
factories, nuclear plants, landfills
Landfills should be underlain by
impermeable material to prevent point
source pollution.
 GROUNDWATER POLLUTION

Nonpoint source pollution enters the

ground through runoff, and can not be
traced to a single specific location.
Examples: Pesticides and waste from
agriculture, motor oil, gasoline