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‡ All construction Projects are time limited.
‡ Project duration varies from one month to several years, and
the schedules are almost always tight.
‡ Usually, immediate mobilization takes place once the contract
has been awarded and often there are penalties involved if the
original schedule does not keep.
‡ It is therefore important to choose the right excavation method
together with the right equipment to keep the project on
schedule.
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ïeological classification of rocks:

ïeological and mechanical properties of rock are interrelated;
both must be taken into account when planning rock
excavation, from designing underground openings and
quarries to estimating drilling and blasting performance. Rock
characteristics are determined primarily by origin, formation
and mineral composition
Minerals:
A mineral may be defined as an inorganic substance that has
consistent physical properties and a fixed chemical
composition.
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Rocks:
There are as we know igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.

Mechanical rock properties may be grouped as follows:

1. Strength
2. Deformability
3. Hardness
4. Fracture toughness
5. Coefficients of friction
6. Crushability and millability
7. Extractability
8. Abrasivity
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Classification of Rock Mass Properties:

To utilize the mapping of rock mass discontinuities, it is
necessary to classify and quantify their effect on the rock
excavation process.
The 3 most widely used geotechnical classification systems
for ground support are
‡ Rock Quality Designation (RQD-Index)
‡ Rock Mass Rating System (RMR-Value)
‡ Rock Mass Quality (Q System)
Principles of Rock Excavation Technologies
1. Mechanics of Rock Bearing:
Rock breakage by percussive drilling can be divided into four phases:
1. Crushed Zone
2. Crack formation.
3. Crack propagation.
4. Chipping
2. Drilling:
a) Percussion drilling b) Hydraulic drilling c) Pneumatic drilling
3. DTH Drilling
4.Rotary percussive drilling
5.Hydraulic Hammers
6. Cutters, crushers and pulverizers
7. Cutting
8. Loading and Hauling
9. Crushing Operation
10. Rock blasting
Comparison between Hydraulic drilling and
Pneumatic drilling
himensional Stone quarrying
 Extraction and Cutting of Hard Rock
‡ Blasting
‡ Wedging
‡ Slot hrilling
‡ Jet burning
‡ hiamond wire saw
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Water Well drilling
Methods
1. Cable tool drilling
2. Boring
3. Rotary Drilling
4. Air drilling
5. DTH Drilling
6. Direct circulation mud drilling
7. Reverse circulation mud drilling
Exploration drilling
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Project Planning and Implementation
1. PROJECT COSTS

2. TAMROCK PROJECT STUDIES

‡ Excavation Process recommendations
‡ Equipment selection
‡ Performance and cost studies
‡ Surface drilling capacity

3. SERVICE SUPPORT
‡ Training
‡ Periodic maintenance
‡ Spare parts logistics
‡ Service facilities & tools
‡ Supervision