You are on page 1of 45

MEC201

Mechanics of Solids

Vijay
Loads and Stresses

Vijay
Load and deflection

Bar

Vijay
Resistance Forces

As force increases, elongation increases till the


equilibrium is restored again.

This implies that there is a force, and that force


increases with deformation

Vijay
Resistance Forces and moments

Vijay
Resistance Forces and moments

An upward reaction force at support

But an unbalanced moment results.

Vijay
Hooke’s law

Stress, σ = P/A
Strain, ε = δ/L
Area
A
P
l  

E is the elastic modulous, or


simply Elasticity

δ  
P P
Vijay
Elasticity
Material Value of E in GPa
Aluminium 2024-T3 70
Aluminium 6061-T6 70
Aluminium 7075-T6 70
Concrete 20 – 35
Copper 100
Glass fibre 65
Cast iron 100
Steel, High strength 200
Steel, Structural 200
Titanium 100
Wood 10-15
Vijay
To summarize:
The external forces acting on a
structure result in strains.

The strains so produced result in stresses


within the material of the members.

The stresses, for the most part,


are proportional to the strains.

The constant of proportionality is termed as


the modulus of elasticity.
Vijay
Structures in Tension

Vijay
Compression loads

Vijay
Structures Under Compression

Vijay
Shear Members

Shear Stresses

Vijay
Shear Action: Rivets

Vijay
Compression in Riveted Joints

Compression

Shear Shear

Compression
Vijay
Belt driven pulley

Vijay
Structural Members with Shear
loads

Vijay
Twisting of shaft

Shear stresses on
the back face of
the shaft

The stresses result in a moment that


balances the twisting moment
Vijay
Bending of Beams

Compression near top


Extension near bottom

Vijay
Bending of Beams

Net tensile force is zero!

Vijay
Bending of Beams

Extension near top


Compression near bottom

Vijay
Bending of Beams

Net tensile force is zero!

Vijay
To summarize…

• Forces that tend to reduce the size of a structural


member produce compressive strains which, in
turn, produce compressive stresses.

• Forces that tend to distort the shape of a


member produce shear strains which in turn
produce shear stresses.

Vijay
To summarize…
• A twisting moment applied to a shaft produces
shear strains. These shear strains give rise to
shear stresses which result in a moment that
balances the external twisting moment.

• A bending moment produces both tensile and


compressive strains and stresses. These give rise
to a resisting moment which balances the bending
moment.

Vijay
Stress at a Point
Intensity of
Stress
Force

Vijay
Stress at a Point

c
δF


b
X
δF

The stress vector t depends upon the location as


well as the direction of the surface.
Vijay
Stress Distribution

P P P P

Vijay
St. Venant principle

The difference between the stresses caused by


statically equivalent load systems is
insignificant at distances greater than the
largest dimension of the area over which the
loads are acting.

Vijay
Tensile Stress in a Bar

Stress:
Force Intensity
20 mm
5 mm

300N
σ = F/A =
20×5×10− 6 m2

= 3 MPa
300 N

Vijay
Stress...

Uniform stress is an approximation.


Valid only in simple loadings.
Away from ends.

Vijay
Non-Uniform Stresses

Vijay
Non-Uniform Stresses...

Vijay
Foundations

Vijay
Application

105 N

Steel

Concrete
Soil
Vijay
Shear Stresses in a Pin

Bearing (Compressive)

Shear

Vijay
Rod & Collar

Bearing load Shear load

Vijay
Double-index Notation

First index: normal to the


plane on which
acting.
z Second index: direction of
the stress
x component itself
y

Vijay
Stresses: Sign Convention

The sign of a stress


component depends on
the direction of normal
and the direction of force:
If both have same sign
then the stress
component is positive, if
z the two have different
signs, then the stress
component is negative.
x y
Vijay
Stress: Sign Convention...

σyy is negative
τyx is positive
τyz is negative

x y
Vijay
Stress: Sign Convention...

σxx is positive
τxy is negative
z τxz is negative

x y
Vijay
Thin Cylinder

θ R σθθ

t r
z
σθθ
p

Vijay
Thin Cylinder
FT
FR
p

FR
FT

We can show by symmetry arguments that:


(a) Both shear should be inwards or outwards
(b) Shear should be ZERO
Vijay
Thin Cylinder
FT

Net forced on the curved surface = p×2r×δl


Equilirium: FT = σ 2δl t = p×2r×δl
This gives: Hoop stress
Vijay
Thin Cylinder

Axial stress

Vijay
Thin spherical shell

Vijay

You might also like