Atoms and Periodic Table Unit Part III/IV For Educators - Download .PPT at

Part III/IV
Atoms and Periodic

Table Unit
This is Part III / IV of an educational unit
about Atoms and the Periodic Table
of the Elements
Download the Powerpoint version of this
video, unit notes, assessments, lab
handouts, review games, videos, and
much more at
www.sciencepowerpoint.com
• John Dalton’s Atomic Assumptions
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

• The Greek root for the word atom, "atomon,"
means "that which cannot be divided."
– But atoms can be divided!


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– But atoms can be divided! But not easily on earth.
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Ryan P. Murphy
 Each Element is made up of one kind of atom.
The number of Protons and Electrons.
 Atoms are arranged on the periodic table of elements.
 Each Element is made up of one kind of atom.
The number of Protons and Electrons.
 Atoms are arranged on the periodic table of elements.

• Hydrogen – 1 proton
– Has an atomic mass of 1.


• Helium – 2 protons and 2 neutrons

• Helium – 2 protons and 2 neutrons

 Atomic Mass = AMU Atomic Mass Units, The
number of protons, nuetrons, and electrons.

• Review! To find # of protons and electrons

– It is the atomic number, or count the P+ or E-.

– It is the atomic number, or count the P+ or E-.

– It is the atomic number.
– What is Sodium’s Atomic number?

• Answer! Count the 11 Protons

• Answer! Count the 11 Protons or 11 Electrons

• Review! To find # of neutrons

– Subtract the atomic number from the atomic mass to
determine the difference.

– How many neutrons does Lithium have?

Atomic Mass

Atomic Mass
Atomic Number

Atomic Mass
Atomic Number
6.94 amu – 3 =

• Answer! 6.94 – 3 = 3.94
Atomic Mass
Atomic Number
6.94 amu – 3 =

• Answer! 6.94 – 3 = 3.94 or 4 neutrons
Atomic Mass
Atomic Number
6.94 amu – 3 =

• Activity! Please create the table on the
next slide, 4 down x 10 across. Use the
periodic table of elements.

H He

H He
Li
Na
K
H He
Li Ne
Na Ar
K Kr
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Na Ar
K Kr
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Kr
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
K Ca Sc Ti Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
 New Area of Focus: Electron Orbitals

• Recommended link. Khan Academy
Electron Orbitals. (Advanced)
– #1)
http://www.khanacademy.org/video/orbitals?pl
aylist=Chemistry
(13 minutes)
– #2)
http://www.khanacademy.org/video/more-on-o
rbitals-and-electron-configuration?playlist
=Chemistry (15 minutes)
• Fill up orbitals in the order 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s,
3d, 4p - until you run out of electrons

• 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p

1s-orbital
2s-orbital
3s-orbital
4s-orbital
2px-orbital
2py-orbital
2pz-orbital
3px-orbital
3py
3pz
4px
4Py
4Pz
3dz2 (squared)
3dyz
3dxz
3dxy
3d x2y2
4dz2
4dyz
4dxy
4dxz
4d x2y2
4fz3 (cubed)
4fxz2
Energy increases as you move up
the energy levels

 Valence electrons: Electron’s in the outer
most shell.

most shell.
How many valence electrons?

most shell.

most shell.
1

most shell.
1

most shell.
1 2

most shell.
1 2

most shell.
1 2 1

most shell.
1 2 1

most shell.
1 2 1 4

most shell.
1 2 1 4

most shell.
1 2 1 4 5

most shell.
1 2 1 4 5

most shell.
1 2 1 4 5 1

most shell.
1 2 1 4 5 1
Total Electrons
 The number of valence electrons
determines the group placement of an
element on the periodic table.









 The rules for the first 18 elements are as
follows...SPONCH included
- 2 electrons max in the 1st shell.
- 8 electrons max in the 2nd shell.
- 8 electrons max in the 3rd shell.
- 18
- 32
- 32
- 18
- 2

- 18
- 32
- 32
- 18
- 2

- 18
- 32
- 32
- 18
- 2

- 18
- 32
- 32
- 18
- 2

- 18
- 32
- 32
- 18
- 2

- 18
- 32
- 32
- 18
- 2

- 18
- 32
- 32
- 18
- 2

- 18
- 32
- 32
- 18
- 2

- 18
- 32
- 32
- 18
- 2

 Most of the transition metals…
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 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 2
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 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 2
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• After the second orbit or shell is filled,
things start to get complicated.
things start to get complicated. The third
shell fills until it gets to 8,
shell fills until it gets to 8, and then the
fourth shell starts adding electrons until it
too has 8 electrons.
too has 8 electrons. Then the third shell
fills until it gets to 18.
too has 8 electrons. Then the third shell
fills until it gets to 18.
• 2 electrons fill the first level


• 8 electrons fill the second level, ring, or
shell.

shell.

shell, and then…

shell, and then…

• How many electrons are in the first three
energy levels?
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energy levels?
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energy levels?
energy levels?
energy levels?
energy levels?
energy levels?
energy levels?
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energy levels?
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energy levels?
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energy levels?
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energy levels?
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energy levels?
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energy levels?
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Ryan P. Murphy
• Activity! Online Atom Builder.
– Sodium Na
– Calcium Ca
– Potassium K
– Beryllium Be
– Aluminum Al

• Activity! Each table group needs to build
one of the SPONCH elements out of clay.

– Provide Name, Atomic #, and Atomic Symbol
on note card.

on note card.
• Yellow = Proton, Red = Neutron, Green = Electron

on note card.
– Roll balls of clay into fairly large circles for the
correct number of protons.

on note card.
– Repeat for neutrons, calculate correctly,
(different color, slightly larger)

on note card.
– Roll very small balls into electrons (different
color).

on note card.
color).
– Arrange on table to show electron orbitals.

on note card.
color).
– Arrange on table to show electron orbitals.

• Activity! Quiz Wiz: Name the atom based
on the electron orbitals / atomic number.
– Also tell me how many valence the atom has?

• Answers! Quiz Wiz: The answer will be
given after each questions instead of at
the end.

• Answers! Quiz Wiz: The answer will be
given after each questions instead of at
the end.
“This Quiz
Wiz will
require you to
work in table
groups.”

1
1 Hydrogen (#1) 1
Valence Electron
2
2 Sodium (#11) 1
Valence Electron
3
3 Trick? Not a correct Atom. Based on
valence electrons it would be Nitrogen. Total
number of electrons is 10, which means it
would be neon, but neon should have 8
electrons in it’s outer shell, not 5. Best
guess, It’s neon and the creator in cyberland
didn’t know about electron orbitals.
4
4 Carbon (#6) 4
Valence Electrons
5
5 Sodium Again (#11)
1 Valence Electron
6
6 Copper (#29) 1
Valence Electron
7
7 Helium (#2) 2
Valence Electrons
8
8 Aluminum (13) 3
Valence Electrons
9
9 Chlorine ( #17) 7
Valence Electrons
10
10 Neodymium (#60)
32 Valence Electrons
• Bonus: What is this, and which characters
have worn it. Do you know the order.

• Bonus: Lost by the Dark Lord Sauron,

Found by Smeagol / Gollum – Lost in
cave,

cave, Found by Bilbo Baggins,

cave, Found by Bilbo Baggins, and given
to Frodo Baggins. LOTR Trilogy & Hobbit.




• Activity Worksheet! Create electron dot
diagrams in your journal for the following
elements.
– Also include atomic #, symbol, name and
amu.

• What is SPONCH?

• Answer! SPONCH are the biologically
important elements of life. 99% of life is
made up of these atoms.

 S-
 P-
 O-
 N-
 C-
 H-

 S-Sulfur
 P-
 O-
 N-
 C-
 H-

 S-Sulfur
 P-Phosphorus
 O-
 N-
 C-
 H-

 S-Sulfur
 P-Phosphorus
 O-Oxygen
 N-
 C-
 H-

 S-Sulfur
 P-Phosphorus
 O-Oxygen
 N-Nitrogen
 C-
 H-

 S-Sulfur
 P-Phosphorus
 O-Oxygen
 N-Nitrogen
 C-Carbon
 H-

 S-Sulfur
 P-Phosphorus
 O-Oxygen
 N-Nitrogen
 C-Carbon
 H-Hydrogen

• Activity! SPONCH Elements
• Create an atomic model for each element
in SPONCH.

in SPONCH.
S – atomic number # 16

in SPONCH.
P – atomic number # 15

in SPONCH.
O – atomic number # 8

in SPONCH.
N – atomic number # 7

in SPONCH.
C – atomic number # 6

in SPONCH.
H – atomic number # 1

in SPONCH.
H – atomic number # 1

• Which orbital diagram below matches up
with the letters from the word SPONCH?
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Ryan P. Murphy
Name: Sulfur
Symbol: S
Atomic Number: 16
Atomic Mass: 32.066




Name: Phosphorus
Symbol: P
Atomic Number: 15
Atomic Mass: 30.97376
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Name: Oxygen
Symbol: O
Atomic Number: 8



Name: Nitrogen
Symbol: N
Atomic Number: 7




Name: Carbon
Symbol: C
Atomic Number: 6



Name: Hydrogen
Symbol: H
Atomic Number: 1

• Just over one hundred different kinds of
atoms are known.

atoms are known.
– Ninety two of these elements are naturally
occurring (i.e. they are found on the earth),
and the remainder have been made artificially
in nuclear reactors.

atoms are known.
– Ninety two of these elements are naturally
occurring (i.e. they are found on the earth),
and the remainder have been made artificially
in nuclear reactors.

 Octet Rule – Elements want 8 electrons in their
outer shell (valence).
 Go to your mini periodic table and complete.

 Octet Rule – Elements want 8 electrons in their
outer shell (valence).
 Go to your mini periodic table and complete.

H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
• Using Lewis dot structures = The number
of electrons in outer shell.

– You can now make molecules following the
octet rule.

• (Optional Link): Khan Academy
• Periodic Groups: Octet Rule (12 min)
Advanced Video.
• http://www.khanacademy.org/video/groups
-of-the-periodic-table?playlist
=Chemistry
 Ion: A charged atom.
 When an atom strips an electron, now one atom has
1+ (cation), and the other has 1 – (anion),

 Ion: A charged atom.
 When an atom strips an electron, now one atom has
1+ (cation), and the other has 1 – (anion),

• Which atom below is the anion, and which
is the cation?
• Sodium formed a cation because it lost
-1 electron.
• Chlorine formed an anion because it
gained -1 electron.
• Which atom below formed a cation, and
which formed an anion?
Cation +1
Cation +1
Anion -1
• Remember
– Electrons are negative, protons are
positive. The atom has a neutral
charge when the number is the same.

• Remember
– When you remove an electron, the
atom becomes more positive (cation)

• Remember
– When you add an electron the atom
becomes more negative. (anion)

• Remember
– When you add an electron the atom
becomes more negative. (anion)

• Electron Affinity: The amount of energy
required to detach an electron from a
singly charged negative ion.

• Will this atom want to lose this valence
electron, or gain many electrons to have a
full outer shell?

• Answer: This Potassium atom will want to
lose this electron. It has a low electron
affinity.

affinity.
Who wants it?

affinity.
Who wants it?

• Will this atom want to lose this valence
electron, or gain many electrons to have a
full outer shell?

• Answer: This Chlorine atom will want to
gain one electron rather than lose seven. It
has a high electron affinity.

• Which atom below has a high electron
affinity, and which has a low electron
affinity?

Answers:
Flourine Sodium
High Electron Affinity Low Electron Affinity

Answers:
Flourine Sodium
High Electron Affinity Low Electron Affinity

• (Optional Link): Khan Academy
• Ionization Energy (12 min) Advanced
• http://www.khanacademy.org/video/periodi
c-table-trends--ionization-energy?playlist
=Chemistry
– You can now make molecules following the
octet rule.

H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne

-S-
-P-
-O-
-N-
-C-
H-
-S-
-P-
-O-
-N-
-C-
H-
-S-
-P-
-O-
-N-
-C-
H-
-S-
-P-
-O-
-N-
-C-
H-
-S-
-P-
-O-
-N-
-C-
H-
-S-
-P-
-O-
-N-
-C-
H-
-S-
-P-
-O-
-N-
-C-
H-
• Let’s try a water molecule. H2O
-O-
H- -O-
H=O-
H=O- -H
H=O=H
H=O
ll H
– When using Lewis Dot Structures, a single
bond is represented with one line.
H=O
ll H
– When using Lewis Dot Structures, a single
bond is represented with one line.
H=O
ll H
• Let’s try Methane CH4
C
H
H
C
H
H
H
H
C
H
H
H
H C
H
H
H
H C
H
H
H
H C H
H
• Some helpful tools.

– Carbon can form a backbone or ring.



– Carbon can form a backbone or ring
– Hydrogens are on the outside

– Hydrogen is on the outside

– The smaller number is usually on the inside

– Double or triple bonds can often form

– Double or triple bonds can often form

• Activity! Use the whiteboards to create
Lewis Dot Structures for some common
molecules.
– Recommended to record the correct
molecules in your journal after whiteboard
use.
• Activity! Use the whiteboards to create
Lewis Dot Structures for some common
molecules.
– Recommended to record the correct
molecules in your journal after whiteboard
use.
• Hydrogen + hydrogen =

• Hydrogen + hydrogen = H2 Gas
– Full shell =  elements

• Hydrogen + hydrogen = H2 Gas
– Full shell =  elements

Try Methane CH4
Draw it and then build it
• Black = Carbon
• Yellow = Hydrogen
• Now using electron dot diagrams
Create molecules like Methane CH4
• What is the empirical formula for this?

Answer: NF3
• Try Water H2O
– Yellow = Hydrogen
– Red = Oxygen

• Try Water H2O
– Red = Oxygen

• Try Water H2O
– Red = Oxygen

• Try Water H2O
– Red = Oxygen

• Table Salt NaCl

• Table Salt NaCl

• Table Salt NaCl

• Table Salt NaCl

• Double Bond O2 Gas



• Try a triple bond N2 Gas

• Try a triple bond N2 Gas

• Please create electron structure and then
build CCl4.

• Please create electron structure and then
build CCl4.

• Please make Beryllium Chloride. BeCl2

• Please make Beryllium Chloride. BeCl2

• Carbon Dioxide Gas CO2

– Hint- It forms a double bond.

– Double bonds occur when an atom isn’t
completely involved. A difficult orbital thing that
we aren’t going to cover.

– Each oxygen will share 4 electrons with the
carbon, Carbon then = 8 , and Oxygen =8 

– Each oxygen will share 4 electrons with the
carbon, Carbon then = 8 , and Oxygen =8 
– Black = Carbon
– Red = oxygen

– Black = Carbon
– Red = oxygen

– Black = Carbon
– Red = oxygen

– Black = Carbon
– Red = oxygen

• Activity Worksheet! Lewis dot structures
and molecule building. Worksheet
supported by slideshow.

• What Element are these?
• Which one is essential for life?
• Answer! Phosphorus (Part of DNA)
• Which one is rat poison?
• Answer! Arsenic
• How are these two elements similar?
• Answer! They both have 5 valence electrons?
• Answer! They both have 5 valence electrons?
Arsenic takes the place of Phosphorus in your
DNA which causes death.
• Carbohydrates: What three elements do
you think can be found in carbohydrates
based on their name?



 Carbohydrate: A group of organic
compounds, including sugars, starches
and fiber, that is a major source of energy
for animals. Made of C, H, O (1:2:1)

• Make Glucose C6H12O6
Black = Carbon
Red = Oxygen
Yellow = Hydrogen
Note – Red should not touch another red, and it works

easier if carbon is in a chain for building purposes.

• Make Glucose C6H12O6
Black = Carbon
Red = Oxygen
Yellow = Hydrogen
Note – Red should not touch another red, and it works

easier if carbon is in a chain for building purposes.

• Sugars take many forms
Glucose C6H12O6

 Hydrocarbon: An organic compound consisting
entirely of hydrogen and carbon.




• Create Lewis Dot Structure and then build
Propane C3H8
Black = Carbon
Yellow = Hydrogen

Propane C3H8
Black = Carbon
Yellow = Hydrogen

Propane C3H8
Black = Carbon
Yellow = Hydrogen

• Butane C4H10
– Black = Carbon
– Yellow= Hydrogen

• Butane C4H10
– Black = Carbon

• Butane C4H10
– Black = Carbon

• Pentane C5H12
– Black = Carbon

• Pentane C5H12
– Black = Carbon

• Pentane C5H12
– Black = Carbon
 Alcohol: Mostly carbon and hydrogen with an OH
group

Alcohol C2OH6

• Which molecule below is C2OH6?

• Answer! Ethanol C2OH6
Alcohol C3OH8

• Which molecule below is C3OH8?

• Answer! Propanol C3OH8

• What alcohol molecule is this a picture of?

• What alcohol molecule is this a picture of?

 Protein: Group of nitrogenous organic
compounds that are a essential part of living
cells. ONCH

• Amino Acids are the building blocks of protein.
Mostly made of ONCH.

Mostly made of ONCH. Amino Acids contain
both a carboxyl group (COOH) and an amino
group (NH2)

group (NH2)
– Try and build the protein below.
– Black = Carbon
– Red = Oxygen
– Blue = Nitrogen
– Purple = R group

group (NH2)
– Try and build the protein below.
– Black = Carbon
– Red = Oxygen
– Blue = Nitrogen
– Purple = R group

• Try and create one of the many Amino Acids
called Alanine, CH3-CH(NH2)-COOH

– C (put me in the middle)

– CH3 (Attach me to the C)

– NH2 (Attach to the C in the middle)

– COOH (Attach me to the C in the middle)

– COOH (Attach me to the C in the middle)
– H (Attach me to the C in the middle)




called Glycine, NH2-CH2-COOH

• Amino Acids called Glycine, NH2-CH2-COOH

• Try and build one of the many Amino Acids
called Glycine, NH2-CH2-COOH (different
structure) than prior
Black = Carbon
Yellow = Hydrogen
Red = Oxygen
Blue = Nitrogen

Black = Carbon
Yellow = Hydrogen
Red = Oxygen
Blue = Nitrogen

Black = Carbon
Yellow = Hydrogen
Red = Oxygen
Blue = Nitrogen

“Ruff!”
Black = Carbon
Yellow = Hydrogen
Red = Oxygen
Blue = Nitrogen

• Try and find the NH2 group, and COOH group
in the Amino Acid, Glutamine H2N-CO-(CH2)2-
CH(NH2)-COOH

CH(NH2)-COOH
COOH group NH2 Group

CH(NH2)-COOH
COOH group

CH(NH2)-COOH
COOH group

CH(NH2)-COOH

CH(NH2)-COOH

CH(NH2)-COOH
NH2
Group
• These are some of the various amino
acids that make up proteins, the building
blocks of life.

• Activity! Worksheet. Lewis dot structures
and electron dot diagrams.

• Activity! Atom Powerpoint Review Game.

END PART III/IV
Atoms and the Periodic
Table Unit
End Part II / IV of an educational unit about
Atoms and the Periodic Table
of the Elements
much more at
of the Elements
much more at
of the Elements
much more at
of the Elements
much more at
• More Units Available at…
Earth Science: The Soil Science and Glaciers Unit, The Geology Topics
Unit, The Astronomy Topics Unit, The Weather and Climate Unit, and
The River Unit, The Water Molecule Unit.
Physical Science: The Laws of Motion and Machines Unit, The Atoms
and Periodic Table Unit, The Energy and the Environment Unit, and The
Introduction to Science / Metric Unit.
Life Science: The Diseases and Cells Unit, The DNA and Genetics Unit,
The Life Topics Unit, The Plant Unit, The Taxonomy and Classification
Unit, Ecology: Feeding Levels Unit, Ecology: Interactions Unit, Ecology:
Abiotic Factors, The Evolution and Natural Selection Unit and coming
soon The Anatomy and Physiology Unit.



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Part III/IV

Atoms and Periodic

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

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