Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SathiyaRaj
Dept. of Oriental Medicinal Materials and
Processing
School of Life Science,
Kyung Hee University.
South korea.
ANATOMY OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
develop in the
primary organs -
bone marrow and
thymus (yellow)
immune responses
occur in the
secondary organs
(blue)
Our 1 Line of Defense...
st
http://www.sdnhm.org/exhibits/epidemic/teachers/background.html
Viruses
< Click to find out more about Microbes & Disease >
parasites
http://www.skidmore.edu/academics/biology/plant_bio/lab13.FUNGI.html
such as fungi,
worm trichura.jpg
Other mechanisms of
Defense...
Physiological variables
pH of our environment
temperature of our environment
chemical defenses
nitric
oxide, enzymes, proteins,
complement
Source: http://www.biologymad.com/
B Menu F
Classes of Lymphocytes
Phases of
Lymphocyte Naive Activated Effector
Activation
B Menu F
Granulocytes
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
What Happens during an
infection?
Innate Immunity -
the troops are called to
battle…
injury & infection
macrophages slip between cells [extravasation]
to arrive
cytokine chemicals attract other “troops”
[chemotaxis]
histamine chemicals dilate blood vessels for
easier access to injury [vasodilation]
< Click on link to view Movie of inflammation >
http://www.muhealth.org/~pharm204/inflammation.mov
Principal mechanisms of defense against microbes
Antibodies Phagocytes T cells (CTLs)
(may work with antibodies, T cells)
All microbes Intracellular
microbes, esp.
viruses
All microbes
Lymphoid Organs
Primary/Generative Secondary
Thymus Spleen
Bone Marrow Lymph Nodes
Bursa
Peyer's Patches Cutaneous
(Ruminants,Pigs)
Mucosal
Lymphoid Organs
• Primary • Secondary
(Generative) Lymphoid Organs
Lymphoid Organs – efficient at
– maturation site of trapping and
concentrating
lymphoid cells
foreign
– bone marrow, substances
bursa of Fabricius,
– site of Ag-driven
thymus, Peyer’s
proliferation and
Patches in Pigs
differentiation;
and Ruminants
e.g. Ab production
– spleen, lymph
nodes, diffuse
Anatomy of a
lymph node
Naïve lymphocytes
circulate between
blood and lymphoid
tissues; antigen in
tissue arrives at
draining lymph node
via lymph flow and
being carried by
dendritic cells
Mechanism for
directing the
immune response
against microbes
and not against
self, food, etc.
Applies to B cells
and T cells
For T cells:
costimulatory
molecules include B7-1
and B7-2 on dendritic
cells
LYMPHOCYTE DEVELOPMENT
Congenital immunodeficiency diseases are often caused by blocks
at different stages of lymphocyte maturation
The Immunoglobulin Superfamily
(a few examples)
Integrins: Regulated Cell-cell and
cell- ECM adhesion
Cytokine receptor families
How can antibodies
distinguish “self”cells from
foreign invaders?
• Adaptive Immune System - origin
• There are 2 types of lymphocytes:
– 1st Type -
T
lymphocytes -
[ T - Helper
cells ]
begin in the
red
bone marrow
http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/skeletonorg.html
& migrate to the thymus gland ...
• These Lymphocytes
are sorted into 2 types
• Identification tag is a
protein called Major
Histocompatability
Complex [MHC]
Foreign Self- ID
B cells differentiate into . . .
antibodies
memory
Inflammatory reaction
Lymphocyte
Maturation
Stem Cells
B Cells Mature T Cells Mature
of the Bone
in Marrow in Thymus
Marrow
Replicate Stimulates
Cytotoxic (killer) Phagocytosis
T (Tc) Cells
Effector Tc Tm Memory
Cells Cells
Antibody Mediated Immunity
• Animation of Antibody Mediat
• What kind of cell does the
macrophage activate in the
humoral immune response?
• What occurs during the effector
phase of the humoral response?
http://press2.nci.nih.gov/sciencebehind/immune/immune00.htm
Cell Mediated Immunity:
http://press2.nci.nih.gov/sciencebehind/immune/immune00.htm