no restrictions

belongs to everyone

vast space
a great buffet

‘OPEN SEA’
Many claim the open sea and coastal area…
Is there room for everyone?
What if free access was given?

Anarchy
Possible Solutions???
We Propose…

ICZM – Integrated Coastal

Zone Management
Structure
Introduction: Basics and Implementation

ICZM: from the perspective of a Developed Country

ICZM: from the perspective of a Developing

Country

ICZM: an Indian Perspective

ICZM: Tsunami and Conclusion

Principles of ICZM

Expansion
of industry Conflict of
Interest

Vulnerable
Increased risk of natural
Expansion
Population
growth Coastal
hazards due to the global
climate change
of tourism

Areas
Threatening of
sustainable
Extensive use of natural
exploitation and
of marine environmental
resources resources
To help resolve these conflicts ICZM has developed; which is
a continuous process with the general aim of...

1. Implementing sustainable development in coastal zones

2. Maintaining their diversity

In Short:

Environmental
Advantages
Voila! a WIN – WIN situation
Economical
Benefits
 Many acronyms and definitions
• ICAM: Integrated Coastal and marine Areas Management. The term
is used by UNEP and the management strategies defined by UNEP
as part of ICAM, is one of the many manifestations of ICZM.

• CZM - Coastal Zone Management (US Coastal Zone Management

Act in 1972)

• ICOM - Integrated Coastal and ocean Management (a standard

work from 1998)

• ICM - Integrated Coastal Management (NOAA)

• ITCZM - Integrated Tropical Coastal Zone Management (a Thay

initiative)

• MASP - Marine Area Spatial Planning

• SUCOZOMA - Sustainable Coastal Zone Management (Swedish

scientific program)
 Integrated Coastal Zone
Management, ICZM
A continuous process of administration the general aim of which is to
put into practice sustainable development and conservation in
coastal zones and to maintain their biodiversity.

To this end, ICZM seeks, through more efficient management, to

establish and maintain the best use and sustainable levels of
development and activity (use) in the coastal zone, and, over time,
to improve the physical status of the coastal environment in
accordance with certain commonly held and agreed norms.

*(European Commission) KOM (2000) 547

Overarching goal of ICZM

Environmental
Integrity

Economic
Social equity
Efficiency

Sustainable
Development
Integrated Coastal Zone Management

Coastal Zone Integrated...what

Integrated is it?
Intergovernmental integration
Also…
Intergovernm-
ental
integration

International Intersectoral
integration integration

INTEGRATION

Integration of
Integration in
science and
space
management

Integration of
governmental
and non-
governmental
organizations
 Implementing ICZM
• Recognition of the • Data collection
need • Policy
• Proposal document  Development
• Involving • Decision Making
Stakeholders
• Leadership
Initiation
Planning
(Top-down or Bottom-up)

Evaluation
and Implementation
• Social, Economical, Monitoring
Ecological, Physical • Plan execution
data monitored • Institutional, Legal
• Identifying level and Financial
goals arrangements
( 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th order goals)
ICZM: from the perspective of a
Developed Country
 Two towns situated at
the Bay of Lübeck along
the Western Baltic Sea
• Timmendorfer Strand
•Scharbeutz

Spit system protects

them from tides

Project area of ‘ICZM-Bay of Lübeck’

(adapted from Hofstede and Hamann, 2002
Stakeholder 2 Stakeholder 1
1. Inadequate
1. Local community 1. Municipalities Coastal System
did not want sea- responsible for flood defence
wall. defense
2. Only Spit system
2. Depending on the 2. Proposed protects all in the
beach as the main technical solutions 12.6 square
tourist attraction- such as the built-up kilometers large
only source of of a sea wall on the coastal lowland
income  beach
Problems Faced by BOL
Process Steps for Implementation

1.Identification of Tech and Environment

Basis

2. Valuation of Socio-Economic Parameters

3. Sensitivity Analysis

4. Feasibility Analysis
5. Approval of Project
6. Execution part
 Components of First 2 Steps

1. Examinations of the natural and anthropogenic

conditions
2. In the field of hydrography and morphology
3. Results in modeling potential flood plains
4. Simulation of flood plains done on software

1. Humans lives and assets are highly

endangered
2. This valuation calculated the
monetary values of flooding risks on
human lives
3. Number of endangered inhabitants,
employment and monetary values (such
as housing, forestry)
4.Finally, an estimated capital asset from
about 1.8 billion Euros
Sensitivity Analysis
1.Social Interaction- Local body Participation
2. About 65 persons, mostly representatives from
affected local interest groups and municipal
representatives, attended the meeting
3. The sensitivity analysis was conducted in two
phases

1.The first phase - five meetings (with 20-25

participants each) over a period of four months
2. Most important 17 variables (e.g. economic
power, coastal protection, living) are identified .
3. The model allowed analyzing the interactions
between the variables.
4. Each variable given a rating for final evaluation
Second Phase Details
1.The second phase ran over a period of two months and comprised four
meetings.

2.It aimed at giving preference to one out of five coastal defense strategies
developed.

3.The range varied from a zero option where no coastal defense is executed
to a maximal option where a primary state dike is built on the beach

4.After the input of various defense strategies , the impacts for each
variable were simulated. Strategy that least affected critical variables was
selected

5.These discussions finally led to the best option for the community: a
mixed strategy where coastal protection and maintenance of natural
scenery are combined
Implementation Part

1.Final solution was a deep sea flood protection wall

2. Fits to the natural scenery of the beach
3.Only a peak of 80 centimetres should be visible
above ground level
4. One side of the wall should be covered visually by
dunes and the other side constitutes the boundary of
the beach .Serves as both tourist as well as Defence
spot
SWOT ANALYSIS
1. People Participation
1.Low Number of
2. Use of Simulation Participants
Models in Discussions
2. Time delay in Process
3. Focused Target-
Feasible Solution 3. Isolated

Integration with other

Lack of Political support
ICZM Projects
Delay in Process reduces
More Local community
people’s interests
involvement
ICZM: from the perspective of a
Developing Country
Coastal Zone- Bangladesh
Bangladesh
This coastal zone comprises 47,201 square
kilometres

Comprises of 32 % of the country’s total landmass

35.1 million people living in the coastal areas alone

Half of them below the darkness of the poverty line

 Fishing,
The mangroves agriculture,
Most here have of Sundarbans tourism and
never known any provide shrimp and salt
other way of life subsistence to 10 farming are their
million of them. main sources of
livelihood.
Bangladesh…contd
Vulnerabilities

Cyclones
• 1795 – 1844 => 4
Tidal inundation &
Flooding • 1846 – 1896 => 3
• 1897 – 1947 => 13
• 1948 – 1998 => 50

Erosion and Sealevel Salinisation affecting

rise Productivity
ICZM Process

A Coastal zone policy

A Coastal development strategy

A Priority investment program

Mangroves Benefits

Commercial Use
Dissipation Coastal
Promoting
Fixation Stabilization
of wind,of
Land
tidal
Mudaccretion
and
Banks
wave energy
Mangroves – The Death Route

Time 1903 1929 1952-75 1977-88 2001

Activity Reserved Allowed Human Shrimp The entire

Mangrove human settleme and salt mangrove
forest settlement nt encroac forest altered
expande hment in shrimp
d farms with
minor salt bed
and human
settlement
Mangroves vs. Shrimps
• Mangroves – Protecting the Protector
• KorunaMoyee Sardar, a brave woman killed in
Bangladesh on November 7, 1990, for defending
local land rights against their appropriation by an
industrial shrimp farmer
• KorunaMoyee - A symbol of resistance
 ICZM – The Savior
Community
Mangrove
Shrimp Farm
Mangrove
Participation in
Zoning and
Mangrove
Afforestation
Licensing
Aerial Survey
Afforestation

En
sur
ing
co
mp
let
e
su
pp
ort
fro
m

La
w-
enf
orc
em
ent
ag
en
cy
ICZM- The Framework
Management Issues Natural Resources Coastal Processes
(Land, waterways, Mangroves, Mangrove Afforestation, Shrimp
(coastal pollution, Infrastructure) Shrimp) Farming, Salt Production, Fishing)

Management Policy and Approach

The Challenges

Generation of information
and filling knowledge gaps

Dissemination of information
to assist decision-making

Improved governance

Ensuring sustained
political support
ICZM: an Indian Perspective
Case Study of Mararikulam, Kerala
The Maraikulam experiment
●
Experiment consists of an integrated set of
projects
  
●
Designed to make substantial reductions in
poverty in the eight villages and two towns
of the Aryad and Kanjikuzhy development
blocks

●
The projects take the well-established
approach of financing through
micro-credit – a Kerala variant of the
Grameen Bank experiment in
Bangladesh
The Major Poverty Reduction Agents –
Micro-Enterprises and Self-Help Groups

    Micro-
enterprises

Mi cro-enterpri ses that

manufactured coir (coconut
fi bre) products

Central marketing and

raw materials
purchasing agency
 Rationale and Goals of the
Experiment
The projects were designed to
Reduce poverty in Generate
an area that has
some of the highest medium-skilled
rates in Kerala industrial jobs

Jobs in Benefit from

agriculture and multiplier
fishing effects
 Management related activities in
ICZMP implementation
Preparation and
implementation of Preparation of coastal
land and water use, profiles identifying
activity zoning and critical areas
sitting policies

Contingency plan for

human induced and
natural disasters including
effects of potential climate
change and sea level rise
 Management related activities in
ICZMP implementation

Contingency plan for

degradation and Improvement of coastal
pollution due to human human habitation
activities

Conservation and Assessment and periodic

restoration of critical monitoring of coastal
habitats and marine environment
 Management related activities in
ICZMP implementation

Infrastructure Development of
adaptation and
alternative
environmental
vocation quality criteria

Human resource Public education,

development and awareness, and
training to maximize information
people's participation programme and
Levels of Integration
S ect or al

Spatial Institutional
Ag r ic ult u r e

T our is m

Area planning based on ecozones

Local
Fis hing

I nd ust r y

Viable planning unit

I nf r ast r uct ur e

Center
Critical mass of resources

Trade off assessment State

 Issues in Kerala Coastal Zones

Overexplo Degradation Coastal

itation of habitats erosion
Flooding and
Encroach
ment Pollution salt water
Intrusion

Economic and Absence of

Mining Social
challenges
basic
necessities

Absence of
Area under Coastal Zone of Mararikulam
Development Area (MDA)
Panchayat Cherthala Mararikulam Mararikulam Aryad Total Environmental evaluation/
Category South North South area remarks

Beach 33.4 52.0 33.2 3.0 121.6 Generally accreting, eroding in

places

Tidal marsh - - 1.5 - 1.5 Encroachment along the

periphery

Mangrove 1.5 - - - 1.5 Denudation/ Degradation

Water body 6.4 1.9 13.8 2.0 24.1 Shrinkage and pollution

Paddy land - - 1.2 -   Cultivated runnels

Coconut garden 252.8 233.3 326.0 21.4 833.5 Mostly ridges and in some
reclaimed runnels

Settlement with     2.5 31.5 34.0 Mostly on ridges with some spill
mixed tree over in reclaimed runnels
crops

Total area 294.1 287.2 378.2 57.9 1017.4  

 ICZM Measures: Land Use
Zonation
Areas for development
Areas for different
with necessary
developmental
protective measures
activities
with respect to fragility

Areas of development
with required Areas for full
restriction with respect conservation
to quality
 ICZM Measures
Rehabilitation of people living in the
critical areas:
• People living in the critical areas near
shore line are often threatened by natural
hazards like sea erosion and sea surge. It
is proposed to rehabilitate them in model
villages, to be located in the areas
identified through "Land use Zonation”
 ICZM Measures

Shoreline Protection

●
As sea wall covers certain portion of the area and there are also associated erosion problem what is proposed here is to stabilize
the coast with vegetative bunding, beach nourishment and strengthening the sea walls with vegetative reinforcement as far as
possible. Submersible artificial reefs to break the wave energy and also to trap sand may be experimented.

Developing Fishing Infrastructure

●
Mini fishing harbor, approach road and storing facilities are some of the infrastructures
envisaged under this programme. It is also desirable to strengthen proper marketing facilities.

Artificial Reef for Fish Aggregation

●
This is an important intervention in the off shore area to enhance fish catch. The Artificial Reefs have
proved to be useful in Thiruvananthapuram and Kanyakumari district under the initiatives of PCO. This can
be tried here. Traditional fishing people are aware about the advantages.
 ICZM Measures

Littoral Zonation

●
Like land use zonation in the coastal area it may be possible to work out littoral zones ( Sea Zoning) based
on bottom topography and fish availability. Knowledge of the traditional fishing people can be used for this
purpose and the artificial reefs can be placed accordingly

Health, Sanitation and Drinking water

●
As these are the chronic problems faced by the area it is necessary to tackle them with priority and
together. The problem of drinking water is further aggravated due to contamination and sea water ingress.
Rain water harvesting will be introduced. The sanitation facilities will be improved

Capacity Building

●
Vocational training for other activities are also planned. The fishing sector is near saturated. Shifting of
load from this sector to other areas is necessary for which skill development of the local people particularly
younger generation is important
 ICZM Measures

Conservation

●
The existing mangrove sites, wetlands and sacred groves will be conserved and rehabilitated for bio-
diversity where ever necessary. These recreated forests will be nurtured by the NHGs and in the long run
the minor forest products will be harvested by the concerned group

Joint Coastal Zone Management Programme

(JCZMP)
●
Under this programme the entire ICZMP of a particular segment will be integrated with the local
community with assured technical support from the Government department/ research Institute. The local
communities will act as custodians of the coastal zone(

Diversification of Economic opportunities

●
This programme may be considered in two levels. At the initial phase, the diversification of the traditional
sectors with technology up gradation may be attempted. At the another level new economic opportunities
introducing other kind of activities like tertiary sectors or service sectors may be planned
Tsunami – The death wave
December 26, 2004

Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand,

Sri Lanka, India, Maldives,
Indonesia and hours later at
Seychelles, Kenya, Somalia,
and Tanzania

2,50,000 lost lives

India:
10,881 killed – of which 6,051
in Nagappatinam, Tamilnadu
5,792 missing, 6,913 injured
9,85,000 affected
1,26,000 houses/ huts
damaged
1,40,000 permanently
displaced
The loss
Nature of loss
• Limited & marginal
macroeconomic impact
• Confined to rural areas
• Densely populated urban
centers, industrial hubs
spared

Ecological impact
• Mangroves
• Coral Reefs
• Coastal fisheries
• Agricultural & coastal
wetlands
• Groundwater
• Solid waste
• Aquatic life
Rescue, Relief & Rehabilitation
ICZM & ecological reconstruction

• Restoring livelihood of
‘the
vulnerables’
• Rehabilitation of fisheries
• Rehabilitation of
agriculture
• Resolving gender & caste
disparities
• Addressing displacement
issues (property rights
issue)
• Regeneration of ‘bio-
shield’
• Rehabilitation of wetland
• Land use & urban
planning
• Remediation of
The vulnerables
Mishaps during the 3 R’s
• Discrimination during relief work
• Persecution of dalits by higher
Meenaver caste (fishermen)
• Rs 4,897 cr sanctioned for TN, only

Rs 13 crore allotted for Dalits (non-

fishing community)
• Significant rise in female child
marriages
• Frequent fires at relief camps
• Inhabitants ‘Right to Coast’ ignored
• Tsunami funds diverted for tourism
development
• Very little community involvement
• Little progress on bio-shield front
Preparing for the future
• Safety education in
schools
• Climate change
adaptation
• Community-based
CZM
• Community-based
Information System
• Preparing NGOs to
assume leadership
• Preparing community
for flood risk
management
• Preparing NGOs for
post- disaster
environmental
impact analysis
Involvement of various Germany Bangladesh Kerala Tsunami-
stakeholders affected
areas

Government High High Low High

NGOs Absent Moderate Moderate Moderate

International organisations Absent Low High Moderate

Local Community High Moderate High Low

Financial institutions High Absent High High

(microcredit/ rural banks)
Private sector Low Low Absent Moderate
Issues addressed Germany Bangladesh Kerala Tsunami-
affected
areas

Coral Reefs & Mangrove - Yes Yes No

Land and Waterways Yes - - -

Aquatic life - Yes Yes No

Coastal defence Yes - - -

Community involvement - Yes Yes No

Encroachment - Yes Yes Yes

Disaster management - Yes - Yes

Tourism development No No - Yes

THANK YOU