Plasmodium Malariae Life cycle

Muhammad Nazli Bin Iderus

08-3-144
 Female Anopheles Host
• Mosquito are usually vegetarian, preferring to
drink nectar, fruit juices, and honey dew.
• Only a pregnant mosquito will bite human,
seeking nutrient from blood, to nourish her
developing eggs.
• If she drinks blood from someone, infected
with malariae, she too become infected by the
disease.
• The tiny drop of human blood filling the insect
mid gut is teeming with the malariae parasite.
• In the midgut-

• The infective stage for female anopheles, is the

gametocyte
• Macrogametocytes (female) becomes a
macrogamete by reduction division of the nucleus
• Microgametocytes (male) give rise to 4-8
microgametes by exflagellation
• Fertilization occurs to form Zygote.
• The zygote elongates into motile ookinete
• The motile ookinete
will penetrates the
wall of the stomach,
settles between the
epithelial lining and
basement membrane
to form oocysts.
• The motile ookinete
will penetrates the
wall of the stomach,
settles between the
epithelial lining and
basement membrane
to form oocysts.
• The motile ookinete
will penetrates the
wall of the stomach,
settles between the
epithelial lining and
basement membrane
to form oocysts.
• In Between the epithelial lining and basement membrane-
• Oocyts, which contain thousand of sporozoites
• Rupture of oocysts, sporozoites then liberated in the body
cavity.
• In the body cavity-
• Sporozoites then penetrate into the salivary
gland.
• In the body cavity-
• Sporozoites then penetrate into the salivary gland.
• *the life cycle in the mosquito takes 10-20days.
 Human Host

• Human
• -The life cycle of plasmodium Malariae in man includes
• The hepatic Phase. Or Exo-Erythrocytic cycle
• Erythrocytic cycle
• When an infected female anopheles mosquito bites
man, the sporozoites which are the infective stage,
are injected into the skin of the man with the saliva.
• They then reach the blood stream-
• Sporozoites in the blood stream within half an hour enter
the hepatic cells.
• They then reach the blood stream-
• Sporozoites in the blood stream within half an hour enter
the hepatic cells.
• They then reach the blood stream-
• Sporozoites in the blood stream within half an hour enter
the hepatic cells.
• They then reach the blood stream-
• Sporozoites in the blood stream within half an hour enter
the hepatic cells.
• The sporozoites will search for an entrance into the liver
cell.
• And its entrance is the Kuffer cells
• The sporozoites will search for an entrance into the liver
cell.
• And its entrance is the Kuffer cells
• The sporozoites will search for an entrance into the liver
cell.
• And its entrance is the Kuffer cells
• The sporozoites will search for an entrance into the liver
cell.
• And its entrance is the Kuffer cells
• Hepatic cells-
• Each spororozoites the develops into pre-erythrocytic
shizont.
• Each pre-erythrocytic shizont contain thousands of
merozoites. (varying from 2000 to 40000 according to
plasmodium species)

• The infected liver cells ruptures liberating

merozoites in the blood stream.
• *In Plasmodium Malariae all the sporozoites in
the hepatic cell change into pre-erythrocyte
shizont and none of it stay dormant in the liver
cell, therefore no hypnozoites are formed.
• Erythrocytic cycle

• Liberated merozoite in the blood stream invade red blood

corpuscle to avoid human immunisation system
• In red blood corpuscles-
• In red blood corpuscles-
• Merozoites develops into early trophozoites or the ring
stage.
• In red blood corpuscles-
• Then the ring stage develop into mature trophozoites
• In red blood corpuscles-
• Mature trophozoites develop into shizont.
• Each shizont contain thousands of merozoites. (varying
according to plasmodium species)
• Infected red blood corpuscles ruptures liberated merozoites.

• Merozoites reinvade red blood corpuscles and thus repeated

the cycle.
• Each shizont contain thousands of merozoites. (varying
according to plasmodium species)
• Infected red blood corpuscles ruptures liberated merozoites.

• Merozoites reinvade red blood corpuscles and thus repeated

the cycle.
•After repeated asexual cycle or shizogony, gametocytes
formation occurs when some of the merozoites develop into
gametocyte.
•There are 2 type of gametocytes, microgametocytes or male
gametocytes and macrogametocytes or female gametocytes.
•Those gametocytes will then be taken by appropriate female
anopheles mosquito and initiate sexual cycle.