Disaster Management

Concepts, System Tools & Information

Application

By: Amit Ghatge, Kaustubh Sathe, Prashansa Agarwal & Shruti

Sunil Verma.

Group: Magma
PGDHM - IV
Reported catastrophe losses
in India, 1965-2001
Reported Catastrophe Losses in India, 1965-2001
(Nominal US$ million at then applying exchange rates)
5,000
4,500
4,000
3,500

3,000
2,500

2,000

1,500
1,000
500

0
Catastrophe events (1970-
2001)
All natural catastrophes
worldwide 1980 – 2005,
number of events
Number of Disasters by Origin: Regional
Distribution, 1995–2004 (Source (base map):
UNEP/DEWA/GRID-Europe.November 2004.
Environment? - disasters
 One earth….?
 What is environment?
 What is ecosystem?
 Components of human environment
 Land, Air, Water, Biology/ecology, Socio-
economic, Industrial
 Ecosystem characteristics?
 Environmental Structure
 Environmental Function
Environmental factors

 Physiographic
 Climatic - ….?
 Edaphic factors
 Biotic factors

Man-made disasters are disasters resulting from man-

made hazards (threats having an element of human
intent, negligence, or error; or involving a failure of a man-
made system), as opposed to natural disasters resulting
from natural hazards. Man-made hazards or disasters are
sometimes referred to as anthropogenic.
Structure / relationship
 Biotic-abiotic relationship (abiotic ~ geo)
 Biotic-biotic relationship
 Trophic strcture – food chain, food web
 Community structure

 Aquatic systems
 Terrestrial
 Desert
 Oceanic
 Ecotones
DISASTER
A catastrophe, mishap, calamity in any area,
arising from natural or man made causes,
which results in substantial loss of life or
human suffering, damage destruction of,
property, environment, and is of such a
nature or magnitude as to be beyond the
coping capacity of the community of the
affected area
Disaster terminology

 Hazard
 Risk ~ P.o. * E.d.
 Vulnerability
 Exposure
Disaster
Impact
Damage
Loss
Disaster management terminology

 Prevention
 Control
 Mitigation
 Resilience
 Avoidance
 Resistance
 Tolerance
Response
Relief
Rehabilitation
Recovery
Reconstruction
 Hazard
or
Disaster???
RISK

The probability of harmful consequences or expected

losses (deaths, injuries, property, livelihoods, economic
activity disrupted or environment damaged) resulting
from interaction between natural or human-induced
hazards and vulnerable conditions

Risk ~ P * D
P = probability of occurrence
D = extent of damageability
 DISASTERS IDENTIFIED BY
High Powered Committee (HPC)

I. WATER AND CLIMATE RELATED DISASTERS

1. Floods
2. Cyclones
3. Tornadoes
4. Hailstorm
5. Cloud Burst
6. Heat Wave and Cold Wave
7. Snow Avalanches
8. Droughts
9. Sea Erosion
10. Thunder and Lightning
11. Tsunami (Added)
 II. GEOLOGICALLY RELATED DISASTERS

1. Landslides and Mudflows

2. Earthquakes
3. Dam Failures/ Dam Bursts
4. Mine Fires

III. CHEMICAL, INDUSTRIAL AND NUCLEAR

1. Chemical and Industrial Disasters

2. Nuclear Disasters
IV. ACCIDENT RELATED DISASTERS

1. Forest Fires
2. Urban Fires
3. Mine Flooding
4. Oil Spill
5. Major Building Collapse
6. Serial Bomb Blasts
7. Festival related disasters
8. Electrical Disasters and Fires
9. Air, Road and Rail Accidents
10. Boat Capsizing
11. Village Fire
V. BIOLOGICALLY RELATED DISASTERS

1. Biological Disasters and Epidemics

2. Pest Attacks
3. Cattle Epidemics
4. Food Poisoning
Disaster - types: Naturally-
classified…
 Environmental (natural or man-made)
 Geo-hydrological Originating in
 Biological environment
 Chemical
 Fires (environmental)
 Epidemic….
 Technological & civil / sectorial
 Rail, Industrial (Electrical, Mechanical, chemical..),
Nuclear, Road…
 Security threats
 Terrorism, sabotage, bomb blast…
 War
 Festival related – Stempede etc.
Environment - functions
 Climate – micro (local) / regional
 Climate - macro, global
 Vegetation – natural / crops / trees..
 Animals – natural / livestock..
 Natural protection
 Cyclic influences on geomorphology, e.g.
weathering..
 Disturbances lead to hazard processes - how?
 Man-made direct interventions
VULNERABILITY

The conditions of physical, social,

environmental and economic factors
or processes that determine the
susceptibility of a community to the
impact of hazards.
Environmental resources

 Air – composition, wind…weather

 Land/soil - bioproductivity system
 Water bodies
 Food supply - crops, aquaculture, fisheries,
natural….
 Raw materials for housing / industry / etc.
 Health resources - therapy environment,
medicinal resources
 Mitigation?
 Shelter?
 Seismic Risk = f (Hazard, Exposure, Vulnerability, Location).
HAZARD- EXPOSURE- Objects
occurrence of an and structures built by
earthquake of man which are
sufficient Magnitude exposed to the
(hence: Intensity at effects of the
the epicenter) capable `hazard‘: buildings,
of causing damage to bridges, dams, power
the man-made plant, life-line
structures.  structure, etc.
LOCATION- (i) How
far the `exposure' is
VULNERABILITY- situated from the
Damageability of Hazard location the
the `exposure' nearer ones being in
under the action of greater danger than
the hazard; those far away, and
weaker ones being (ii) Local site conditions which can
more vulnerable modify the hazard and/or affect the
and `risky' than the stability of the exposure, such as
stronger ones. topography, soil deposit, water table, etc.
Hazard reduction: Disaster
resilience
 Natural processes are necessary
 Natural processes are resources
 Natural processes are hazards
 Hazards – when and how?
 Residual Risk
 Living with the Risk? Or
 Risk to Resilience?
 Concept of mitigation? No rain or Umbrella?
Environmental Technologies -
Application Areas
 Environmental information / database
 Environmental system tools/application
 Environmental modeling & prediction
 Eco-remediation technologies
 Environmental mapping
 Environmental law and policies
 Environmental programmes
 IMPACTS OF DISASTERS
Disaster Event

Physical Environmental

SOCIAL

Economic

 Physical (buildings, structures, physical property, industry, roads, bridges, etc.)

 Environmental (water, land/soil, land-use, landscape, crops, lake/rivers / estuaries,
aquaculture, forests, animals/livestock, wildlife, atmosphere, energy, etc.)
 Social (life, health, employment, relations, security, peace, etc.)
 Economic (assets, deposits, reserves, income, commerce, production,
guarantee/insurance, etc.)
 Impacts……..physical, environmental

 Physical:
 Loss to Property and goods
 Loss of infrastructure
 Loss of amenities

 Environmental:
 Loss of Environmental Reserves
 Loss of Environmental Services
 Loss of Environmental Functions
 Loss of Resources for Livelihood
 Contamination of resources
 Loss of resources for development / infrastructure
 Loss of resources for industry
Impacts……social, economic
Social:
 Loss of lives
 Loss of Health and wellbeing
 Damage to livelihood
 Psychological stress and trauma
 Loss of employment
 Law and order problems
Economic:
 Loss of services
 Loss of Industry/production
 Loss of productivity and sustainability
 Loss of income
 Insurance losses and relief costs
 Economic costs of physical and environmental losses
 Recovery costs
Environment & disasters
 Environment and hazards
 Geo-hydrological
 Climatic changes
 Bio-threats
 Chemical/health
 Industrial/developmental
 Conflicts / terrorism
 Environment & vulnerability
 Physical / built environment
 Ecological environment
 Socio-economic environment
 Systemic environment
 Environment and governance
 Coping capacity
 Response
 Conflicts
 Likely effects on disaster impacts on
environmental components and assets
component Likely environmental effects (tentative list) of disaster event

Air Air pollution, toxic release, local-climatic change, global warming

contribution
Water Water pollution, water scarcity, chemical spillage, waste discharge,
loss of aquatic life, eutrophication

Land Soil erosion, soil contamination, acidity/alkalinity/sodicity, aridity,

wetland-loss, land-use conflict, debris/waste

Crops Crop damage, crop failure, pre-crop condition failures, quality loss
Wildlife Loss of habitat, animal death or illness, migration, food scarcity
Livestock Animal death, loss of fodder, illness, breeding troubles, migration
Forests Vegetation damage, structural/functional failures, produce/services
loss
Waste Carcasses, Debris, Damaged goods, e-waste,
hazardous/infectious waste
Aesthetic Loss of natural landscape, ecotourism, recreation, and psycho-
spiritual services
 Disaster-Environment Impact
Matrix
Air Water Land Crops Wildli Livesto Forests Wast
fe ck e

Flood S D D D D D D D
Cyclone D D D D D D D D
Drought I D D D D D D I
Earthquak S, C I, C I, D -- L D -- D
Landslide -- S D -- I -- D D
Chemical D D D D D, C D D, C D
Nuclear D D, S D D, S D D D, L D
Biological S D, C S C C C C D
Civil C C C, I -- -- -- -- C
Transport C C C L -- -- -- D

D=Direct, I=Indirect, S=Secondary, L=Less, C=Case specific

Disaster cycle Likely environmental impact causes, examples
Pre-disaster stage: • Environmental impacts of structural mitigation
 Land-use alteration
 Environmental impacts and wastes during mock-drills
During Disaster • Structural waste/debris/e-waste/carcasses
(Natural –  Air pollution, contamination, toxic release
Earthquake,  Fire and/or explosion, Hazardous wastes exposure
Landslide,  Water pollution
Tsunami, Flood,  Radiation
Drought,
 Noise
Cyclone; Man-
made –
 Land degradation, contamination, soil loss
Chemical/  Vegetation – crop/ forest, biodiversity damage
industrial,  Wetland loss
nuclear,  Coastal beach/ River bank erosion
biological, civil)
Post-disaster • Waste generation from relief operation (food, medical, shelter, packaging)
(Relief-rehab.  Water shortage, Water pollution, loss of fisheries
phase)  Air pollution due to waste/carcasses disposal, transport, etc.
 Land-use and landscape changes for shelters/ camps etc.
 Environmental impacts due to relief road/bridge making
 Environmental impacts due to other emergency supplies
 Hazardous waste recoveries
 Spoilages of industrial materials and goods
 Local climatic-setting alteration
Post-disaster • Environmental impacts of changed land-use and landscape
(recovery and  Environmental impacts of persistent chemicals release in system
later – long  Biotic pressure of the altered settings of rehabilitated population
term)  Environmental impacts due to peoples increased dependence on ecosystem
resources because of losses to their crops/livelihoods
 Biodiversity changes and alien species invasion
 Impacts of tropical cyclone
land-fall and associated
environmental losses Flooding of Low-
Lying Coastal
Effect of local Tides Areas
Loss of Soil
Fertility
from Saline
Erosion of Intrusion
Beaches
Effect of local
Coastal Damage to
Configuration onshore &
offshore
installations Land
Subsidence
Damage to
Shipping &
Fishing Facilities Contaminati
Low Atmospheric Storm Surge on of
Pressure in the Domestic
Centre Water
Supply
Urban
Bushfire Destructio
Loss of Damage to
Human n of
Wind structures & Vegetation,
Life: Continent
Injuries Crops,
Livestock
Loss of
Communicatio
ns & Power

Rain Flooding
Effects of a chemical
disaster on life and
environmental factors

Biological regime Geo-hydro-climatic regime

 ENVIRONMENTAL DATABASES &
KNOWLEDGE
 What is environmental databases?
 Environmental information vital to hazard,
vulnerability & risk analysis
 Prediction & forecasting
 Hazard & risk reporting
 Mitigation & monitoring plan
 Response plan
 Disaster reporting
 Impact – Damage / Loss Assessment
 Relief / Rehab. & Recovery plan
 Environmental Information
 Statistical data
 Census / land / revenue records…
 Departmental records
 Maps – toposheets, not to scale maps /
community maps
 Aerial photo, Space data/ images
 Projected / modeled output data
 Data conversion to information
 ENVIS resources
 Objective of Knowledge?
 Environmental Mapping
 Environmental System Research Institute (ESRI)
Softwares / GIS applications
 Space technology / remote sensing application
 Hyperspectral analysis and object identification
 Overlay Technique
 Indicator systems
 Mapping and applications
 Multi-hazard risk assessment
 Land-use analysis and planning
 ENMAP
 Environmental modeling
 System analysis / system tools
 System dynamics
 Model: physical, mathematical, computer models
Models examples:
Stream and river discharge models, Catchment drainage
models, Atmospheric dispersion & transport models,
Hydro-dynamic models, Climate models, Vegetation
pattern models, Strom surge models, Water quality
models, Lake models, Shelterbelts / greenbelt designing
models, Slope stability models, WHAZAN, HAZUS,
Effects, Symptox, Web-enabled models/system – CAIRS,
ERIS, GIS based off-site emergency response………
 Development of environmental models
 Calibration & validation of models
 Mountain Environments
 Forest fires
 Land & water integrated management
 Erosion risks
 Land failures
 Landslide risks
 Landslide dams and failures
 Flash floods
 Landslide floods
 Chemical spillage
 Water bodies destruction / sabotage
 Man-animal conflict…
 Snow/rock avalanche..
Mountain…contd
 Livelihood resources
 Natural resources (minerals, energy, timber, MFPs, …)
 Fuel, fodder, food products
 Medicinal products
 Useful Water / water quality
 Global climate impacts Vs. local environmental
modifications
 Community resources and practices
 Environmental alteration leading to structural
vulnerability / relevant environmental retrofitting or
ecoremediation needs
Landslide / Slope
Instability Risk
 Jurisdiction of forest land / road…
 Incubating rock liberalization…
 Slope stability assessment and risk
 Natural / man-made landslides – causes
 Landslide impacts on environmental resources and
functions
 Environmental engineering measures
 Ecoremediation/ ecotechnolgy and vegetation design
for slope stability
 Ecological risk assessment and impact analysis tree
 Landslide debris management and re-use
 Coastal environments
 Sand dune mining / landscape
 Salt water intrusion
 Aquaculture
 Salt pan
 Chemical / waste spillages
 Industrial/Solid waste disposals
 Coastal erosion
 Sea level rise
 Environmental and hydrological Drought
 Water logging and salinity
 Vegetation alteration and adaptation risks
 Wetlands
 Backwaters/Delta/Estuaries
 Mangroves, Coral reefs
 Shelterbelts / windbreaks…..
River basin……

 Basin modifications and hazards

 Bank erosion
 Siltation / nutrient enrichment
 Invasive plants and flood hazards
 Wetlands - flood control / drought mitigation
 Watershed / catchment treatment
 Ground water recharge/ RWH
 Waterlogging
 Secondary impacts and impact chain…
Land-use / technology models

 Multi-hazard risk mapping

 Forestry sector
 Alternative cropping models
 Agroforestry
 Alternative crops / forestry
 Urban land-use models
 Waste and drainage …
 Secure landfill sites….
 Industrial estate design
 Scientific green-belt / buffers technology
Other environmental
technologies
 Flyash utilization/disposal technologies
 Environmental technologies for public health in
disasters
 Environmental retrofitting/ remediation for
structural/physical stability / strength against disasters
 Mining area reclamation/remediation
 Mine tailings & overburden management
 Gas poisoning / explosion in mining
 Modified flood risk – WRD / hydel projects
 Arsenic / fluoride contamination…
 Urban flood management…..
 Climate change (global) Vs. adaptation to local
environment – remediation / adjustments?
Environmental Policy & Law
 Value of natural components
 Natural resource accounts
 Land-use policy/rules
 Water policy and governance
 National Conservation Strategy
 National Statement of Abatement of
Pollution
 Disaster Management Act: DM Plan for/by
each Ministry/department
 Codes/standards
 Environ-disaster
interface
Losses Poverty

Population
Growth
High
Environmental Exposure Low
Hazards to coping
Complex Hazard capacity
Locations

High Disaster Risk

Hazard /
Trigger
event

Major Disaster
Losses

Source: 2008(5)
Publication
 DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Disaster Management Vehicle

RISK MANAGEMENT EMERGENCY RESPONSE
Pv Mt
Pl Pr Pl
A A
Re

Hazard / Risk Vulnerability

R G ERA
Reduction Reduction
A A
Rf
ENVIRONMENT COMMAND

P M P M
Rh
Ev Mo Rc

Management centric Operation centric

A- Assessment Pl- Planning RA – Risk Analysis Pr- Preparedness

Rh-Rehabilitation P, Pv – Prevention Mo- Monitoring G- Governance
Rc- Reconstruction M, Mt – Mitigation Ev- Evaluation Re- Response
Rf-Relief ERA- Emergency Risk Assessment

Ref.: After Gupta, 2008 (December)

Environmental Programmes?
 Tools
 Decisions
 Convergence
 Mainstreaming into development
 Policy/programmes
 Programmes??? Projects?
Water sector
Land Sector
Forest sector
Livestock sector
Agriculture sector
Energy sector……
 Environmental Policy
Instruments
 Ecological risk assessments
 Environmental geo-sensitivity assessment
matrices
 Carrying capacity assessments
 Environmental impact assessments
 hazards/disasters treatment…
 DMP and EPP integral in EMP
 Environmental decisions
 Environmental auditing
 Life cycle assessments
 Risk auditing/ Mapping procedures
 Environmental econometrics
 NATIONAL POLICY ON DISASTER
MANAGEMENT

 The National Policy on Disaster Management has been

finalized and approved by Home Minister.
 Inter-Ministerial consultation process has been
completed.
 The Policy is now under consideration of NDMA.
 Draft Policy lays down the roadmap/direction for all
Government endeavors.
 OBJECTIVES OF POLICY

 A holistic and pro-active approach for mitigation and

preparedness will be adopted.
 Each Ministry/Department of the Central/State
Government to ensure that disaster reduction elements
are integrated with development planning.
 OBJECTIVES OF POLICY

 Promoting a culture of Prevention and

Preparedness
 Ensuring Mitigation measures based on State-of-
the-Art technology and environmental
sustainability
 Mainstreaming DM concerns into the Developing
Planning Process
 Putting in place a streamlined Institutional
Techno-Legal Framework in order to create and
preserve the integrity of an Enabling Regulatory
Environment and a Compliance Regime
 OBJECTIVES OF POLICY
 Promoting a productive partnership with the
Media to create awareness and contributing
towards Capacity Development

 Ensuring efficient Response and Relief with a

caring approach towards the needs of the
vulnerable sections of the Society

 Undertaking Reconstruction as an opportunity

to build back better
POLICY : TECHNO LEGAL FRAMEWORK

 Development and vigorous enforcement of Indian

Codes/Standards relevant to multi hazard resistant designs
and updating it on regular basis.

 Review of development control regulations and zoning

regulations.

 Revision of relief codes/manuals so as to convert them into

disaster management codes/manuals to institutionalize
planning process.
CRISIS MANAGEMENT
CRISIS
 CRISIS is defined
as situation that is
unpredictable but it
is not unexpected.
 Crisis manifest in

to disasters
Common features of a crisis

 The situation materialises unexpectedly

 Decisions are required urgently
 Time is short
 Specific threats are identified
 Communications are increasingly difficult to manage
 Urgent demands for information are received
 There is sense of loss of control
 Pressures build over time
 Routine business become increasingly difficult
 Demands are made to identify someone to blame
 Outsiders take an unaccustomed interest
 Reputation suffers
Learning objectives
 Understand the nature of a
crisis.

 Understand impact of a
crisis on individuals and
how it effects
communication

 Learn tools for managing

and communicating
information in a crisis.
 Five Keys to Effective
Communication in a Crisis
 Clarity

 Repetition

 Honesty

 Empathy

 Efficacy (Give them

something to do)
Types of crisis

 Natural disaster
 Technological crises
 Confrontation
 Malevolence
 Crisis of deception
 Crisis of management
misconduct
Crisis management plan

 Gather Facts
 Be prepared

 Communicate quickly

and accurately
 conduct brainstorming

 Develop policies to
minimize crisis
 Assemble and organize
resources
contd

 Develop crisis
management team
Assign one leader for
meeting communication
crisis.
other members gather
information and meet
voulanteers and staff.
primary and secondary
spokesman deal with
media
After the crisis

 Declare an end to crisis

 Follow up
 Perform an act of
goodwill
 Have a formal
debriefing
Thank You