Teacher: Mrs.

Yen
Presenters: Doan Thuy Trang
Nguyen Thu Trang
Vu Thi Trang (218)
 Method
Procedures Notes, additions,
&
Glosses
procedures

PDU @ 2010
The difference between translation methods
and translation procedures:

“While translation methods relate to whole texts, translation

procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of
language.“
Newmark (1988)

The other translation procedures

 TRANSFERENCE
(loan word/transcription/borrowing)

Transference is the process of transferring a SL

word to a TL text as a translation procedure.

transliteration transcription
 names of newspapers,
private companies &
institutions

geographical
The names
transferred street names,
word addresses
titles of plays,
films
new technical terms that
do not have equivalents
in the source language
• NOTES:
Where appropriate, a cultural-neutral TL
third term, i.e. a functional equivalent
should be added.
• Examples?
Eg: Hollywood, blog, web, Internet, The Times

In regional some
novels & Create
? particular stylistic
essays effect
 Naturalization:

adapts the normal the normal

1 pronunciation then morphology
the SL word

TL

Eg:  Nobel -> Nô ben  Obama: Ô-ba-ma

 Dollar: đôla  Elizabeth: A-li-za-bét
 Cultural equivalent

The SL cultural word or expression is translated by a TL

cultural word based on its equivalent in the TL. Their
translation uses are limited since they are not accurate.

-Eg: Klemlin -> ChÝnh quyÒn Nga

White House -> ChÝnh quyÒn Liªn Bang
Mü
Will the Pentagon decide to terminate the
program?  LiÖu Bé Quèc Phßng Mü cã quyÕt
®Þnh ngõng ch­¬ng trinh nµy kh«ng?
Functional equivalent?
 Descriptive equivalent

The meaning This procedure is

of the original often used with
word transference to
translate a cultural
is explained in
word or
several words. expression.

Eg: Ipod -
> M¸y ngh
To attend e nh¹c Ipo
t d
studentID. h e barbecue
, you mus
t have a
DÓ ®­îc d
trêi,®å n­í ù tiÖc ba
ng ®­îc n­í rbecue (b
trêi), anh p ng trªn bÕ ­a tiÖc ng
hai mang t p còng ® oµi
heo thÎ sin Æt ngoµi
h viªn.
SYNONYMY

A near TL equivalent

Ex:
Personne gentile → kind person

" Here economy precedes accuracy.” (Newmark)

 THROUGH-TRANSLATION
(calque /loan translation)

Common
collocations

Ex: WTO
names of World Trade Organisation
organizations = Tổ Chức Thương mại Thế giới
Through
translation

components of
compounds

Literal
translation Phrases

Through-translation should be used only when they are already recognised terms.
 Grammatical
changes
from SL to TL

The replacement
An SL Literal
Word form of a virtual lexical
grammatical translation may
& gap by a
does not exist in not accord with
position grammatical
the TL natural usage in
structure.
the TL
Trousers => cái quần
Equipment=> des équipements

Beautiful girl => cô gái xinh

đẹp
 An SL
An SL
grammatical looks for other options that help
grammatical
does not exist in conveying the meaning of the ST
does not exist in
the TL
the TL

Ex:
Working with you is a pleasure
verb-noun (le travail, die Arbeit)
 a subordinate clause (`when, if, etc. I work with you)
Ex:
The details of the scandal are now common knowledge.
=> Giê thì ai còng biÕt chi tiÕt cña vô xì căng ®an nµy.
Literal translation may not accord with
natural usage in the TL

Examples related to passive voice cau

?chu ngu gia

PDU @-2010
 •The replacement of a virtual lexical gap by
a grammatical structure.
• Complex sentences can normally converted
to a co-ordinate sentence or to 2 simple
sentences.

Ex:
Après sa sortie. => After he'd gone out.
Ex:
Si lui est aimable, sa femme est arrogante.
=> He is (may be) very pleasant, but his wife is arrogant.
=> He is pleasant; his wife, however, is arrogant.
 illustrate
Transpositions frequent tension between
grammar & stress

Preserve
stress

Translate with a lexical

synonymy , retain the word
order and forgo the
transposition

Other translation procedures

•a change in point of view •occurs when there is a change
that allows us to express the of perspective accompanied
same phenomenon in a with a lexical change in the TL
different way

- The vase is not totally worthless.

~ The vase is totally valuable.
=> This procedure should better be avoided unless it is
necessary for the naturalness of the translation.
 The
“negated contrary”

=> the appropriateness of the “negated contrary” modulation

procedure must depend on the formulation and the context.
Other modulation
procedures

22
 RECOGNISED TRANSLATION

 Translators normally use the official or the generally accepted

translation of any institutional term.
 the accepted term will be a brief explanation

Ex: White House

David Camp
 TRANSLATION LABEL

- a provisional translation, usually of a new institutional term,

which should be made in quotation marks
- could be done through LT
 COMPENSATION
- occur when loss of meaning, sound-effect, metaphor or pragmatic
effect in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part, or in a
contiguous sentence.

COMPONENTIAL ANALYSIS

To split up a lexical unit into its sense components

Ex: father ~ male, married, parents…
REDUCTION
AND
EXPANSION

 adding or removing elements in the TL in order to re-express

an idea because REDUCTION
the correspondence in the TL cannot be
expressed concisely AND
EXPANSION
 practise intuitively in some cases => rather imprecise
translation procedures

 Ex:
 REDUCTION (CONCENTRATION)
- science politique ~ politics
adj + N ~ general N
 OTHER
PROCEDURES
 NOTES, ADDITIONS, GLOSSES

 Supply of additional information in the form of bottom of page, end

of chapter, glossaries at the end of the text, or within the text

 The additional information is cultural, technical, linguistic and

depends on the requirement of the translator to the original, readership.