Adipose Tissue

• Features:
- fat cells or adipocytes
- men: 15-20% body weight vs. 20-25%
Function:
- largest storage of body energy
- padding material of organs
- thermoregulation
 Types
Unilocular Multilocular
# of cells
occurrence
blood supply
age
synonyms
nucleus
 Cartilage
• Components:
1. Cells – chondrocytes
2. Fibers
3. Ground substance
 Chondrocyte and ECM
• Synthesize and secrete the ecm
• Located in lacunae
• Collagen, hyaluronic acid, proteoglycans,
glycoproteins
 CHONDROCYTE’S ENVIRONMENT
Inter-territorial matrix
(less proteoglycan
Chondrocyte & thicker collagen
fibrils than teritorial
matrix)

Territorial matrix

Pericellular matrix
(Capsule) mostly PGs

Chondrocyte + Pericellular matrix= CHONDRON

 TYPICAL PIECE* OF CARTILAGE
PERICHONDRIUM ( dense irregular CT)
vessels
Chondrocytes

Territorial
matrix
Inter-territorial matrix
* Fibrocartilage does not occur as discrete pieces
 Features:
• Avascular
• Lacks nerves and lymphatics
• Low rate of metabolism
• Presence of perichondrium
 Perichondrium
• Dense connective tissue surrounding
hyaline and elastic cartilage
• Vascular supply
• Essential for growth and maintenance
• Absent in movable joint
CARTILAGE TYPES Precursor to
bony skeleton
HYALINE stays on as
CARTILAGE Articular cartilage
Laryngeal
Airway pieces
ELASTIC skeleton
CARTILAGE Tracheal rings
like hyaline, but a few ‘vocal’ Laryngeal pieces
reinforced with
elastic fibers Auricle (“ear’)

FIBROCARTILAGE joins bones, e.g., vertebrae,

& tendons to bone
more like dense
fibrous tissue
 Growth of Cartilage
Interstitial growth Appositional
- pre existing cells - perichondrial
- from within - regeneration
- occurs in epiphyseal plates
articular cartilage
 CARTILAGE GROWTH

PERICHONDRIUM Chondroblasts Appositional growth by

Chondrocytes surface cell division &
differentiation

Territorial
matrix
Interstitial growth by interior
Inter-territorial matrix
(less proteoglycan) cell division & matrix depostion
Though one may be overpowered,
two can defend themselves.
A cord of three strands is not quickly
broken.
Ecc 4:12
 Features
• Canalicular system
• Vascularity
• Elongation thru appositional growth
• Continous resorption, reconstruction,
and remodelling
 Composition
Cells
1. Osteocytes
2. Osteoblasts
3. Osteoclasts
Bone Matrix
 Osteoblasts
• Bone lining cells
• Synthesize bone matrix
• Active – cuboidal to columnar
• Cytoplasmic processes communicate
 Osteocyte
• Surrounded by bone matrix
• Occupies a lacunae with canaliculi
• Maintains the matrix
• Death = resorption of matrix
 Osteoclasts
• Areas of resorption – Howship’s lacunae
• Giant multinucleate, motile cells with a
ruffled border
• Secrete acid and proteolytic enzymes
 Bone matrix
• Collagen – Tyoe 1
• Noncollagen proteins
• Bone mineral or bone salts
 Haversian System
• Osteon
• Concentric rings of bone cells and matrix
• Central blood vessels and nerves
• Volkmann’s canal
 Bone Formation
• Intramembranous • Endochondral
- Osteoblasts - cartilage model
- Flat bones - Short and long bones
- Thickness of long
bone
 ZONES/LAYERS OF THE GROWTH PLATE

}RESTING

Expansion
} PROLIFERATION

} HYPERYTROPHY

} CALCIFICATION

Matching erosion

Osteoclasts stop the

} OSSIFICATION

trabeculae from forever new bone on

extending calcified cartilage
 EARLY ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION

perichondrium
} EPIPHYSIS

}
periosteum

Bony collar DIAPHYSIS/SHAFT

provides support
as mineralized
cartilage is eaten
away
primary ossification
front
 LATER ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION

Articular cartilage

Growth/epiphyseal plate

Secondary ossification Shaft bone grows by

centers + deposition on the outside,
- with mild resorption on the
inside surface, plus
osteonal remodelling in the
interior

Bone would be larger

than in the previous view
JOINT/ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
resilient, thin, lubricated,
attached, living, nourished,
modifiable,
vulnerable
Bone

Joint capsule

Muscle
 JOINT TERMS

{
SYNOVIUM loose connective tissue
lining cells
Joint capsule

j c
o a
i v
n i
t t
. y

Joint cartilage Spongy subchondral

absorbs and bone absorbs and
spreads load directs load to shaft
 Joints Classification
1. Diarthroses – allows free bone movement
2. Synarthroses – very limited to none
a. synostosis – skull bones
b. synchondrosis – epiphyseal plate
- rib to sternum
c. syndesmosis – pubic symphisis