CONTROL OF GASEOUS EMISSIONS

Absorption by liquids
 Control of gaseous emissions from
stationary sources
• Addition of add-on control devices to recover
or destroy gaseous pollutants from effluent
streams:
• Commonly used control technologies-
1.Absorption
2.Adsorption
3.Condensation
4.Incineration
 Absorption by liquids
• Commonly used technique to control gaseous
emissions before discharge.
• Dissolution of gaseous pollutant in liquid.
• Transfer of pollutants from gas to liquid phase
across the interface in response to the
concentration gradient.
• Absorbers a.k.a scrubbers are of many types.
• The liquid phase used is known as scrubbing
medium
 Selection of Scrubbing medium
Effectiveness of absorption process depends on the
selection of suitable scrubbing medium.
Properties of scrubbing medium:
• High gas solubility
• High selectivity
• Low vapor pressure
• Non Corrosive
• Easy regeneration & recovery
• Low cost
• Low viscosity at absorption temperature
• Nontoxic
• Non-flammable
• Chemical Stability
• Scrubbing medium should not cause Water
pollution or waste disposal problems
 POLLUTANT INDUSTRIES SUITABLE SOLVENT

Sulfur dioxide Refineries , Paper, Glass NaOH, Sodium sulfite, magnesium

& Sugar industries etc. oxide, calcium carbonate solution
Nitrogen Oxides Fertilizer, Paper & Pulp Ammonium bicarbonate & bisulfite ,
industries, Power plants CaOH, MgOH, NaOH solutions
etc.
Hydrogen Sulfide Paper Mills, Tanneries, NaOH, KOH solution
Iron & Steel , Petroleum
Hydrogen Chloride Glass , Petrochemicals, Water, ammonia, CaOH & MgOH
Galvanizing and Battery solution
Chlorine Plastics, Paper, Textiles Water, NaOH, Sodium sulfide &
thiosulfite solution
Phosgene Chemical Industries NaOH & Water

Ammonia Power plants, Fertilizer Sulfuric acid , Water

Absorption Equipments
Packed tower Scrubber
• Commonly used.
• Gas stream passed through
packed structure.
• Package material provides
larger wetted surface area.
• Counter current flow
• Ceramic saddles, Raschig
rings , crushed rock etc are
used as packaging materials
• Hi-efficiency, low capital &
operational costs
Plate tower Scrubber
• Highly efficient
• Stepwise contact between
liquid and gas.
• Gas bubbles through liquid
to pass through different
stages.
• Spray towers used for
absorption of highly soluble
gases increases the mass
transfer area.
• Counter current
Venturi Scrubbers
• Gas is accelerated through
the converging section
before entering the throat.
• Scrubbing liquor enters
around the top of
convergent section
• Hi-velocity gas stream
atomizing the liquor
droplets is achieved.
• Co-Current
• Extremely efficient
• Hi-operation costs
• Packed tower scrubbers are widely used.
• Around 10% cases make use of Tray column
and Venturi scrubbers.
• Absorbers/Scrubbers can achieve removal
efficiencies greater than 95%
• Generation of waste water is 1 of the
potential problem of scrubbers.
Adsorption by Solids..!!!