SOLUTIONS

 Solution Formation
 Electrolytes
 Acids and Bases
 Strong and Weak Acids and Bases
 Concentration
 Percent Concentration
 Molarity
 Molar-Solutions-Solids
Solutions
Solutes
Solvents
 Water
 Most common solvent
 A polar molecule

O -
a hydrogen bond

H +
H +
Hydrogen Bonds Attract Polar
Water Molecules
Solute and Solvent

Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of

two or more substances

 Solute
The substance in the lesser amount
 Solvent
The substance in the greater amount
 Nature of Solutes in Solutions

 Spread evenly throughout the solution

 Cannot be separated by filtration
 Can be separated by evaporation
 Not visible, solution appears transparent
 May give a color to the solution
Types of Solutions

air O2 gas and N2 gas gas/gas

soda CO2 gas in water gas/liquid

seawater NaCl in water solid/liquid

brass copper and zinc solid/solid

Discussion

Give examples of some solutions

and explain why they are solutions.
Learning Check SF1

(1) element (2) compound (3) solution

A. water 1 2 3
B. sugar 1 2 3
C. salt water 1 2 3
D. air 1 2 3
E. tea 1 2 3
LecturePLUS Timberlake
Solution SF1

(1) element (2) compound (3) solution

A. water 2
B. sugar 2
C. salt water 3
D. air 3
E. tea 3
LecturePLUS Timberlake 10
 Learning Check SF2
Identify the solute and the solvent.

A. brass: 20 g zinc + 50 g copper

solute = 1) zinc 2) copper
solvent = 1) zinc 2) copper

B. 100 g H2O + 5 g KCl

solute = 1) KCl 2) H2O
solvent = 1) KCl 2) H2O
 Solution SF2

A. brass: 20 g zinc + 50 g copper

solute = 1) zinc solvent = 2)
copper

B. 100 g H2O + 5 g KCl

solute = 1) KCl
solvent = 2) H2O
Learning Check SF3
Identify the solute in each of the following
solutions:
A. 2 g sugar (1) + 100 mL water (2)
B. 60.0 mL ethyl alcohol(1) and 30.0 mL
of methyl alcohol (2)
C. 55.0 mL water (1) and 1.50 g NaCl (2)
D. Air: 200 mL O2 (1) + 800 mL N2 (2)
Solution SF3
Identify the solute in each of the following
solutions:
A. 2 g sugar (1)
B. 30.0 mL of methyl alcohol (2)
C. 50 g NaCl (2)
D. 200 mL O2 (1)
Like dissolves like

A ____________ solvent such as water is

needed to dissolve polar solutes such as
sugar and ionic solutes such as NaCl.

A ___________solvent such as hexane

(C6H14) is needed to dissolve nonpolar
solutes such as oil or grease.
Learning Check SF4

Which of the following solutes will

dissolve in water? Why?
1) Na2SO4 (ionic)
2) gasoline (nonpolar)
3) I2 (nonpolar)
4) HCl (polar)
Solution SF4

Which of the following solutes will

dissolve in water? Why?
1) Na2SO4 Yes, ionic
2) gasoline No, nonnpolar
3) I2 No, nonpolar
4) HCl Yes, Polar
Formation of a Solution

H2O Hydration
Na +

Cl- Na+
H O Cl - Dissolved
Na+ Cl- 2
solute
solute
LecturePLUS Timberlake
Writing An Equation for a Solution

When NaCl(s) dissolves in water, the

reaction can be written as

H2 O
NaCl(s) Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

solid separation of ions in water

Practice Exercise #1

Solid LiCl is added to some water. It

dissolves because
A. The Li+ ions are attracted to the
1) oxygen atom(-) of water
2) hydrogen atom(+) of water

B. The Cl- ions are attracted to the

1) oxygen atom(-) of water
2) hydrogen atom(+) of water
Solution PE#1

Solid LiCl is added to some water. It

dissolves because
A. The Li+ ions are attracted to the
1) oxygen atom(-) of water

B. The Cl- ions are attracted to the

2) hydrogen atom(+) of water
Rate of Solution

You are making a chicken broth using a

bouillon cube. What are some things you
can do to make it dissolve faster?
 Crush it
 Use hot water (increase temperature)
 Stir it
Practice Exercise #2

You need to dissolve some gelatin in water.

Indicate the effect of each of the following on
the rate at which the gelatin dissolves as (1)
increase, (2) decrease,
(3) no change
A. ___Heating the water
B. ___Using large pieces of gelatin
C. ___Stirring the solution
Solution PE#2

You need to dissolve some gelatin in water.

Indicate the effect of each of the following on
the rate at which the gelatin dissolves as (1)
increase, (2) decrease,
(3) no change
A. 1 Heating the water
B. 2 Using large pieces of gelatin
C. 2 Stirring the solution
Electrolytes

Are substances that form positive(+)

and negative (-) ions in water

Conduct an electric current

 Conductivity of Electrolytes
The conductivity of
solutions can be tested
by using an ohmmeter
such as the one shown
here. When there is
little or no electrical
conductivity between
the probes the needle
on the meter points to
the left of the scale
("infinite" ohms).
When there is very good electrical conductivity
between the probes (as when they are touching) the
needle on the meter points to the right of the scale
(0 ohms).
When the probes are placed in water, as
shown here, you can see that the meter
needle is still far to the left. Pure water
does not conduct electricity very well.
When the probes are placed in a solution containing sodium
chloride, the meter needle moves quite a ways to the right
showing that the solution conducts electricity very well.
Thus, sodium chloride is a strong electrolyte.
When the probes are placed in a solution
containing sugar, the meter needle does not
appear to move away from the left end of the scale
showing that the solution does not conduct
electricity any better than pure water. Thus, sugar
is a nonelectrolyte.
When the probes are placed in a solution
containing vinegar (acetic acid), the meter needle
moves somewhat to the right showing that the
solution conducts electricity somewhat. Thus,
acetic acid  is a weak electrolyte.
Strong Electrolytes are 100% ionized

salts H2O 100%ions

NaCl(s) Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
H2O
CaBr2(s) Ca2+(aq) + 2Br- (aq)
acids
HCl(g) H2O H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
 Weak electrolytes

 Most of the solute exists as molecules in

solution
 Only a few solute particles produce ions

HF + H 2O  H3O+(aq) + F- (aq)
acid

NH3 + H2O  NH4+(aq) + OH- (aq)

base
Nonelectrolytes

 Dissolve as molecules only

 No ions are produced in water
 Do not conduct an electric current
H 2O
C6H12O6 (s)  C6H12O6 (aq)
glucose
Practice Exercise #3

Select the products for each of the following

in water:
H2O
A. CaCl2 (s) 1) CaCl2 2) Ca2+, Cl2-
3) Ca2+ + 2Cl-
H2O
B. K3PO4 (s) 1) 3K+ , PO43- 2) K3PO4
3) K3+ , P3-, O4-
Solution PE#3

Select the products for each of the

following in water:
H2O
A. CaCl2 (s) 3) Ca2+ + 2Cl-

H2O
B. K3PO4 (s) 1) 3K+ + PO43-
Acids and Base Reactions
According to the Brønsted definitions, some substances
have properties associated with both acids and bases. Such
substances are called amphoteric. In this case, the
Hydrogen carbonate can either lose a proton to act like an
acid or gain a proton to act like a base.
 Arrhenius Acids and Bases

 Acids produce H+ in aqueous solutions

water
HCl H+(aq) + Cl- (aq)

 Bases produce OH- in aqueous solutions

water
NaOH Na+(aq) + OH- (aq)
 Acids

 Produce H+ (as H3O+) ions in water

 Produce a negative ion (-) too
 Taste sour
 Corrode metals
 React with bases to form salts and water
 Bases

Produce OH- ions in water

Taste bitter, chalky
Are electrolytes
Feel soapy, slippery
React with acids to form salts and water
Practice Exercise #4

Identify each as characteristic of an A) acid

or B) base
____ 1. Sour taste
____ 2. Produces OH- in aqueous solutions
____ 3. Chalky taste
____ 4. Is an electrolyte
____ 5. Produces H+ in aqueous solutions
Solution PE#4

Identify each as a characteristic of an A) acid

or B) base
_A_ 1. Sour taste
_B_ 2. Produces OH- in aqueous solutions
_B_ 3. Chalky taste
A, B 4. Is an electrolyte
_A_ 5. Produces H+ in aqueous solutions
Some Common Acids

HCl hydrochloric acid

HNO3 nitric acid

H3PO4 phosphoric acid

H2SO4 sulfuric acid

CH3COOH acetic acid

Practice Exercise #5

Give the names of the following

A. HBr (aq) 1. bromic acid
2. bromous acid
3. hydrobromic acid
B. H2CO3 1. carbonic acid
2. hydrocarbonic acid
3. carbonous acid
Solution PE#5

A. HBr 3. hydrobromic acid

The name of a nonoxy acid begins with the
prefix hydro- and ends with -ic acid. In a nonoxy
acid, the negative anion end in -ide.

B. H2CO3 1. carbonic acid

The name of an oxyacid is named with the stem
of the anion (carbonate) changed to
-ic acid
 Practice Exercise #6

Acid, Base Name

or Salt
CaCl2 ______ _________________
KOH ______ _________________
Ba(OH)2 ______ _________________
HBr ______ _________________
H2SO4 ______ _________________
 Solution PE#5

Acid, Base Name

or Salt
CaCl2 salt calcium chloride
KOH base potassiuim hydroxide
Ba(OH)2 base barium hydroxide
HBr acid hydrobromic acid
H2SO4 acid sulfuric acid
 Bronsted-Lowry Acids

Acids are hydrogen ion (H+) donors

Bases are hydrogen ion (H+) acceptors

HCl + H 2O H3O+ + Cl-

donor acceptor + -
+ +
Strengths of Acids and Bases

Strong acids completely ionize (100%) in

aqueous solutions

HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl- (100 % ions)

Strong bases completely (100%) dissociate
into ions in aqueous solutions.
NaOH Na+ (aq) + OH-(aq)
(100 % ions)
 NH3, A Bronsted-Lowry Base

When NH3 reacts with water, most of the

reactants remain dissolved as molecules, but a
few NH3 reacts with water to form NH4+ and
hydroxide ion.

NH3 + H2O NH4+(aq) + OH- (aq)

acceptor donor

+ +
Strong and Weak Acids and Bases

Strong acids
HCl, HNO3 , H2SO4
Most other acids are weak.

Strong bases
NaOH, KOH, and Ca(OH)2
Most other bases are weak.
Practice Exercise #6

Identify each of the following as a

1) strong acid or base 2) weak acid
3) weak base
A. ___ HCl (aq)
B. ___ NH3(aq)
C. ___ NaOH (aq)
D. ___ H2CO3 (aq)
Solution PE#6

Identify each of the following as a

1) strong acid or base 2) weak acid
3) weak base
A. _1__ HCl (aq)
B. _3__ NH3(aq)
C. _1__ NaOH (aq)
D. _2__ H2CO3 (aq)
More Antacids

Milk of Magnesia: Mg(OH)2

Rolaids: AlNa(OH)2CO3

aluminum sodium dihydroxy carbonate

Tums: CaCO3

Tempo: CaCO3, Al(OH)3, Mg(OH)2

Dilutions

 Add water
 Volume increases.
 New concentration is less than initial
 Concentration of A Diluted Solution

A 25 mL sample of a 6.0 M KOH is diluted by

adding 75 mL of water. Calculate the new
concentration of the KOH solution.

Moles KOH = 0.025 L x 6.0 moles = 0.15 moles

1L
New volume = 25 mL + 75 mL = 100. mL = 0.100 L
New molarity = 0.15 moles = 1.5 M
0.100 L
Practice Exercise #7

A 125 mL sample of a 3.0 M HCl is diluted by

adding 250 mL of water. The new
concentration of the HCl solution is
1) 8.0 M
2) 1.5 M
3) 1.0 M
Solution PE#7

3) 1.0 M
moles HCl = 0.250 L x 3.0 moles = 0.75 mole
1L

new M = 0.75 mole 1.0 M HCl

0.750 L
Practice Exercise #8

A 50.0 mL sample of 15% sucrose solution is

diluted by adding 200. mL of water. The new
concentration of the sucrose solution is
1) 3.0 %
2) 7.5 %
3) 10. %
Practice Exercise #8

A 50.0 mL sample of 15% sucrose solution is

diluted by adding 200. mL of water. The new
concentration of the sucrose solution is
1) 3.0 %
g sucrose = 50.0 mL x 15 g sucrose = 7.5 g
100 mL
new % = 7.5 g sucrose = 3.0 % sucrose
250 mL
 Making
Molar From
Solutions
Solids
What are molar solutions?
A molar solution is one that expresses
“concentration” in moles per volume

Usually the units are in mol/L

mol/L can be abbreviated as M or [ ]
Molar solutions are prepared using:
a balance to weigh moles (as grams)
a volumetric flask to measure litres

L refers to entire volume, not water!

Because the units are mol/L,

we can use the equation M = n/L

Alternatively, we can use the factor label

method
Calculations with molar solutions

Q: How many moles of NaCl are required to

make 7.5 L of a 0.10 M solution?

M=n/L, n = 0.10 M x 7.5 L = 0.75 mol

# mol NaCl7.5
= L x 0.10 mol NaCl = 0.75 mol
1L
 But in the lab we weigh grams not moles,
so…
Q: How many grams of NaCl are required to
make 7.5 L of a 0.10 M solution?

# g NaCl =

7.5 L x 0.10 mol NaCl x 58.44 g NaCl

=43.83 g
1L 1 mol NaCl
19. # g NaOH =
x 0.125 mol NaOH x 40.00 g NaOH
3.00 L =15.0 g
1L 1 mol NaOH
20. # g NaCl =
5.0 L x 0.56 mol NaCl x 58.44 g NaCl
= 164 g
1L 1 mol NaCl

21. 355 ppm = 355 mg/L or 0.355 g/L

# g CO2 = 1.00 L x 0.355 g CO2
=.355 g
1L
0.355 g CO2 x 1 mol CO2
= 8.07 x 10–3 mol  1L = 8.07 x 10–3 mol/L
44.0 g CO2

22. a) 235 g  3000 mL x 100% =7.83 % W/V

b) mol/L = 4.02 mol / 3.00 L = 1.34 mol/L
More Practice Questions
1. How many grams of nitric acid are present in
1.0 L of a 1.0 M HNO3 solution?
63 g

2. Calculate the number of grams needed to

produce 1.00 L of these solutions: a) 1.00 M
KNO3
b) 1.85 M H2SO4 c) 0.67 M KClO3

101 g 181 g 82 g
3.Calculate the # of grams needed to
produce each:
a) 0.20 L of 1.5 M KCl b) 0.160 L of 0.300
M HCl
c) 0.20 L of 0.09 mol/L AgNO3
d) 250 mL of 3.1 mol/L BaCl2

a) 22 g
b) 1.75 g
c) 3 g
d) 0.16 kg
4.Give the molarity of a solution containing
10 g of each solute in 2.5 L of solution:
a)H2SO4 b)Ca(OH)2

a) 0.041 mol/L

b) 0.054 mol/L
 A Project in Fourth Grading
Period in Advanced Chemistry
Submitted to: Mr. Dexter C. Necor
Chemistry Teacher

Submitted by:
Irish Joy L. Pausal
Pauline Raisa Jugar
Kris Xyrille Escuadra
Richie Cervantes