Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Sanyal
National Environmental
Engineering Research Institute,
Kolkata Zonal Laboratory
Criteria Pollutants
› Carbon Monoxide (CO)
› Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
› Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
› Ozone (O3)
› Lead (Pb)
› Particulate Matter
Particulate Matter Less than 10 microns (PM10)
Particulate Matter Less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5)
Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) - historic PM contaminant
Air Toxics
› Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC’s)
› Semi-volatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs)
› Herbicides and pesticides
Clean Air Act Amendment of USEPA in Title III defines 188
Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs).
Most organic HAPs are Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
O3 ( SMOG )
HENCE NEED TO CONTROL VOCS IN AIR
Why do we need to understand the sources of VOCs?
Natural sources :
• Plants & vegetable emissions.
• Wetlands
• Termites & insects
• Ripening of fruits Anthropogenic sources :
• Fermentation process
• Volcanoes a) Stationary / point sources
• Coastal sites etc • Industrial activities -.
• Landfill sites
• Water treatment plants
• Indoor sources
b) Mobile sources
• Transport activities
- Vehicular exhausts
- Evaporative emissions
Classification of
VOC’s Sources
• Transportation (area)
• Fuel combustion / stationary source (point)
• Industrial process losses (point)
• Solid waste disposal, incineration (point)
• Miscellaneous (area)
Volatile Organic Evaporation of fuel
Compounds Incomplete combustion of fossil
fuel
Industry
Vehicular exhaust
Petrol Pump-
Race Course Vehicle
Exhaust Open Vehicle
Open Composite Exhaust
Defecation
Defecation Natural Gas 14% Natural Gas
1% Composite
2% 24%
Commercial – Lajpat Nagar 11%
24%
Others
Diesel Eng. Auto Repair
1% Degreasing
Exhaust 16%
2% Road Asphalt Degreasing
40% Vehicle 3%
Exhaust Auto Repair 1% Evaporative Open
10%
Composite 1% Defecation
Others 17% 2%
7%
Evaporative
12% Natural Gas
Vehicle
3%
Exhaust
Composite
Open Natural Gas
8%
Defecation 15% Consumer Diesel Eng.
6% Products Exhaust
1% 55%
Degreasing
Residential – Mayur Vihar 3% Traffic Intersection –Raja Garden
Vehicle
Diesel Eng. Exhaust
Exhaust Composite
53% 21%
Open
Natural Gas Evaporative
Defecation 11%
11%
1%
NEERI Study
Industrial -Mayapuri
Estimated Evaporative Emissions of VOCs
in Delhi from Various Sources
3.50E+08
3.00E+08
2.50E+08
Evaporation of Petrol
Emissions 2.00E+08
(kg/year)
1.50E+08
1.00E+08
5.00E+07
3.00E+07 0.00E+00
Running Loss Resting Loss Diurnal Losses Hot Soak
2.50E+07
2.00E+07
Evaporation of Solvents
Emisison
1.50E+07
(kg/year)
1.00E+07
5.00E+06
0.00E+00
Aerosols Household Toiletries Rubbering Windshield Polishes/ Adhesives Space Moth Laundry Dry Painting Printings
NEERI Study Products Washing Waxes Deodorants Control Detergent Cleaning
Sources Group Key species
Carpets, Aromatic and Styrene, Toluene
Adhesives aliphatic
Hydrocarbons
Ethylbenzene, Xylenes
Paints, Thinner
Domestic fuel Polycylic Benzopyrene, chrysene,
combustion, dyes, Aromatic Acenaphthene, pyrene,
smoking, cooking, Hydrocarbons naphthalene,
newspaper, acenapthylene
plastics, pesticides
Sources Group Key species
Latex paints, paints, Oxygenated Dibutylphthalate,
cosmetics, organic MEK, formaldehyde
compounds
Pressed wood furniture Formldehyde,
acetone, hexanal
Hospital sterilizers Ethylene oxide
Chlorinated water Halo-organo Chloroform
Vinyl tiles compounds Benzyl Chloride
Dry cleaned cloths Tetrachloroethylene
Aerosol spray, dry-cleaning Trichloroethane
Moth crystals, deodorants Dichlorobenzene